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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classical Argument (from Aristotle's Rhetoric) |
Ethos (Credibility) Logos (Reasoning) Pathos (Emotion) |
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Ethos (Credibility) |
Display good intentions, open-mindedness Briefly indicate personal expertise or experience Refer to well-known authorities on the topic of your essay. Use a neutral tone. Use words that indicate your familiarity w/the topic. |
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Logos (Reasoning) |
Deductive or inductive reasoning Use facts for support Avoid logical fallacies Indicate transitions between ideas (if, therefore, as a result, nevertheless) Rhetorical Questions - a statement as in a question. Argument ad adsurdum |
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Pathos (Emotion) |
Use brief emotional anecdotes to illustrate points Use words that carry an emotional impact (connotation) Use humor Tone |
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Rogerian Strategy |
Summarize opposing points of view (offer a rebuttal) Use a reasonable tone Find common ground Make concessions Avoid emotional language, loaded words |
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The Toulmin System of Logic |
Data: information that illustrates a problem or prompts a claim Claim: the primary assertion, point, thesis; the solution to the problem Qualifier: the extent of the claim; states exceptions to the solution Warrant: Assumption that support the claim; belief the audience must share w/the author/speaker to accept the claim Backing: factual support for the warrant Any additional claims |
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Additional Strategies |
Forms of Support Organization Style |
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Forms of Support |
Examples Quotation with textual analysis Facts Analogies Testimony/expert opinions Data analysis Literary analysis Commonly accepted beliefs Narrative examples Sensory details |
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Organization |
Framing the essay w/an anecdote or other devices Emphatic order Point method or Block method (Compare/Contrast) Definition/Classification Cause/Effect Problem/Solution |
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Style |
Paragraph design (structure, length, aesthetics) Simple, Direct Sentences vs. Long, Complex Sentences or a combination Punctuation for effect Subordination/Coordination Parallelism Formal vs. Informal usages Tone Irony Allusion Aphorism Poetic (alliteration, rhythm, rhyme, onomatopoeia, or other devices) or archaic diction. Figurative Language (metaphors, similes, personification, metonymy, synecdoche Italics, boldface, etc. |
