Rhetoric

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Rhetoric

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Rhetoric is the art of persuasion and the ways in which "signs" influence people.

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Rhetoric Changed/Technology

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Rhetoric exploded when television exploded, and allowed the internet to explod as well. Process of rhetoric became stronger with more opportunities to discuss things in public. Rhetoric is made more consistently, convienently and more available allowing infinite results. Possibility to send mass messages to all cultures/populations.

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Power

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Its the Rhetoric process and product combined into one. Definitions of words can cause power struggle and power. As a general rule terms often have several different definitions, some are controversial or argued over-usually of importance to human life. To control words is to control the world.

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Rhetoric Change/Pluralism

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Pluralism is the awareness of many perspectives, philosophies, points of view, and codes of ethics, aesthetic sensibilities, and the awareness of a legitimate basis for all of these. Growth of Pluralism is directly related to the growth of population. Pluralism is important because we gain much more awareness of beliefs, values, practices of others who are different than us. Allowed for more perspectives.

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Rhetoric and Greek City-States

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City States in ancient Greece were set up where speech was central for doing business. The spoken word was very important. After the Greeks defeated the Persians, the Golden Age emerged as a time of Peace. The opportunity arose for using Rhetoric to Solve problems using, debate, discussion, dialogue. This was a luxury to many Greeks.

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Rhetoric Changed/Knowledge

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Technical and Scientific knowledge exploded in the 20th century. The computer is an example that has accumulated enormous amounts of information, in the way we organize, understand, and gain access to new information. Knowledge also became increasingly specialized. Decision making has become more knowledgeable with the ability to research and explore various scientific methods rather than only through personal experience.

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Rhetoric in Athens

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Rhetoric was important to the people of Athens because that was how many things were completed

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Plato and the Sophists

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Plato, an ancient Philosopher and author of "Gorgias," believed Sophists, who were paid teachers, did not have true content, or were qualified teachers, even though their delivery and style was powerful and charasmatic. Sophists believed that you should learn speech rhetoric and logic to develop a good argument, a sophist is one who is more concerned with winning an argument that establishing the truth. Plato believed Rhetoric is fake art and Pandering.

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Sign

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Sign is anything that makes you think of something else. All objects on earth have this potential. Sign refers to the countless meaningful items, images, and so on that surround us. A sign is something that induces you to think about something other than itself.

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Aristotle and Plato

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Aristotle believed that Rhetoric is an activity worth doing and becomes central to communications. Plato believed Rhetoric isn't art of anything, he believed Rhetoric had no content.

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Indexical Meaning

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The sign and the meaning have same association. For example fire=smoke, cringing at you= displeasure. Groups of people have different indexes. But has endless possible meanings.

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Traditional Text as Verbal

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Public Speaking is primarily verbal text.

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Iconic Meaning

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Iconic meaning is relating a sign that resembles the thing it actually represents. The best example is a photograph, because when you see a picture of someone, you think of that person. The meaning resembles the thing. Sign makes you think of something else because the sign resembles that thing.

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Traditional Text is Expositional

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Public Speaking (Traditional Text) is a largely ex positional text, it's main purpose is to argue and explain. Not in a sense of disputations but in the sense of advancing and defending propositions by using evidence especially scientific, technical and historical knowledge. Expositional speaking entails lengthy development.

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Symbolic Meaning

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Signs can get you to think about something else purely because of agreement or convention, because people are in habit of connecting a particular sign with a particular meaning, when this sign is a symbol, has a symbolic meaning, or is functioning symbolically. Best example are words. The word “Book.” It is a habit of connecting that sign with certain meaning, can be changed but takes time. A symbolic meaning can easily be altered. Often culturally shared meaning.

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Traditional Text is Discrete

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A discrete text is one in which all of its signs are together in time and space and relatively tightly bounded. Has a clear beginning and end.

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Culture As Elitist

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Elite culture has elitist flavor. The very best, finest, most refined experiences.

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Traditional Text as Hierarchial

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Traditional Texts are hierarchial texts. A structure of relationships is imposed on the process of using signs, or sending and receiving a message.

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Edifying Impulse

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The hope to improve people by exposing the public to the right artifacts. Example listening to Bach versus Justin Bieber, or eating gourmet food rather than something from a factory and a box, makes you a better person. Edifying impulse has been around for centuries, and not always limited to conservatives or those in power, it can be also found among marxist scholars.

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Cicero

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Greek Politician who loved and memorized the works of Aristotle. Cicero believes Rhetoric should be used to solve problems in Public. His ideas were very influential in the use of Debate, deliberation, discussion, dialogue, dissent. His death however, ultimately led to the distrust of Rhetoric with the rise of Caesar.

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Culture as Popular

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Culture is that which sustains and nourishes those who live and move within it. Culture is our whole way of life. There is a relationship between signs, artifacts and culture that is fairly Widespread.
"Second meaning of Culture"

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Quintilian

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A Roman Teacher and Rhetorician, Quintillian lived in the First Century CE. Quintillian wrote a long Rhetoric, entitled Institutes of Oratory.

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Cultures Overlap

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As history progressed, often cultures were intermingled and intertwined. We now live in a world where we are exposed to a new bewildering variety of signs and messages, we may now belong to a number of groups, rather than one large group, and because there are many different groups with one may identify with, one lives simultaneously in many cultures. But the abundance of group identification may cause people to feel that their lives are fragmented.

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St. Augustine

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St.Augustine, aka Bishop of Hippo in Africa, lived around 400 C.E.

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Cultures and Ideology

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Cultures entail consciousness or ideologies. Ideology is a widely used term today. One definition is a system of beliefs characteristic of a particular group or class, another definition is the general process of the production of meanings and ideas. Ideology is based on a sense of what ideas go with other ideas. It is the system of meanings linked to a system of artifacts that is culture.

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Vico

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Giambattista Vico was a professor in Italy during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He directly confronted the restrictive definitions of rhetoric that had limited it to style and verbal embellishment. He proposed that rhetoric be seen has the ways in which we think about probabilities and make decisions about issues that we cannot be totally certain of. He believed Rhetoric should be studied as logic and reason. Rhetoric is about "probabilities" and thinking about what could happen.

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Cultures Through Texts

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Text is important to the study rhetoric and popular culture. Text is often associated with words, but words are not the only sign, things other than words can be text as well. A text is a set of signs related to each other in so far as their meanings all contribute to the same set of effects or functions. Texts can be large or small. A text is something that people perceive, notice or unify in their everyday experiences.

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Criticism

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The concern of psychlogy during the Greek legacy led to the development to criticism. Criticism was a way of not just being combative but rather critiquing or analyzing. The role criticism helps in using rhetoric in popular culture in how people encounter and use rhetoric.

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Pop Culture Texts/Non Verbal

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People are influenced not only through words but also through the images they see. The struggle over power can be conducted non verbally as well as verbally.

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Burke

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Kenneth Burke defined rhetoric in the 20th century as the “use of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in beings that by nature respond to symbols." He restricts his focus to language, and tells us to look for how people are induced to cooperate with others.

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Pop Culture Texts/Metonym

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Metonymy is the name of a classical way of thinking that means reduction. Metonymy is thinking about something by reducing it to a simpler, smaller, more manageable image that leaves out certain details of the larger whole.

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Rhetoric Changed because of Populations

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The population grew, which allowed culture to be exposed to more people. The home grew distant and more culture allowed varying world views within one country. More people are living and working near more other people today than ever before. People are also exposed to a wider variety of cultural artifacts than ever before.

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Pop Culture Texts/Diffuse

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A diffuse text is a collection of signs working for the same or related rhetorical influence that is not discretely separated from its context. Diffuse text will sometimes not be recognized as a text by those who experience it. A good example is the experience of watching Football on TV. Many experiences are wrapped up into one game, from conversations about game to conversations not about game and everything in between. Where the text begins may be hard to pinpoint but the experience in itself has a lot of rhetorical influence.

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Pop Culture Texts/ Democratic

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The Rhetoric of popular culture is manifested in texts that are democratic. Rhetoric of popular culture is relatively democratic, it may be found to be at work in marginalized areas of society where traditional rhetoric was not so likely to reach. Some scholars believe popular culture springs mainly from groups of people who have been oppressed and marginalized.

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Rhetoric as a Process

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Process is tied to democratic process, in terms of deliberation, debate, dialogue, dissent, discussion. Defined as "doing." Belief that communication can change things, and belief that communication is an action.

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Rhetoric as a Product

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Product is the piece of Rhetoric. Whether it be film, journal, song, play etc. It is the end result in the process of Rhetoric, after engaging in Deliberation, debate, dialogue, dissent, discussion.