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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a way of performing experiments
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scientific method
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the patterns that control the behavior of the universe.
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natural laws
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the belief that science and natural laws bring individuals and society to a more enlightened state
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Enlightenment
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The rights to life, liberty and property
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natural rights
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belief that living things developed from nonliving things.
for example, maggots from rotten meat |
Theory of spontaneous generation
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First person to study bacteria
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
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Who found that the sun was the center of the universe. Earth revolved around the sun.
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Galileo Gallilei
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What scientist was imprisoned in his house for life since his work contradicted the teachings of the Catholic Church
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Galileo Gallilei
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Who was the first person to use the telescope?
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Galileo Gallilei
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What was the period in time from mid 1500 to mid 1700 where new scientific discoveries were found called?
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Scientific Revolution
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Flemish doctor who produced a manual that showed the structure of the human body
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Andreas Vesalius
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English doctor who discovered the human heart works like a pump and blood is returned to the heart after it circulates
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William Harvey
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French philosopher who developed geometry and math was perfect model for all reasoning in science.
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Rene Descartes
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What Irish chemist work is the foundation of meodern chemistry.
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Robert Boyle
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British scientist who had theories on natural laws
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Sir Isaac Newton
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Who was the first scientist that caused scientific organizations to form?
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Sir Isaac Newton
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2 most important organizations for science that formed in 1600's
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Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge.
Academie des Sciences of Paris |
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What was the movement of scientific knowledge in Europe called?
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Enlightenment
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How were Enlightenment Ideas communicated throughout Europe?
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Scientific organizations such as Royal Society of London for the P of N. K. & Academie des Sciences of paris
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What english writer believed in Divine Right to Rule and power of royalty because he thought people would behave badly without it?
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Thomas Hobbes
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Who disagreed with Hobbes view of the divine right to rule
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Enlightenment Thinkers
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What man believed any person who had a good education had the power to reason and make good decisions?
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Rene Descartes
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what book had enlightenment ideas to government and challenged the deine right of kings?
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Two Treatises of Government
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What English writer wrote Two Treatises of Government and challenged the devine right of kings?
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John Locke
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Who believed in Natural rights, people should hold power of government, overthrow government that doesn't do these things
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John Locke
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Who ruled Prussia with enlightenment ideas. He had absolute power, but he worked for the common good. Helped peasant farmers
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Frederick the Great
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Who ruled Russia with enlightenment ideas and expanded education and public health.
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Catherine the Great
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who in Austria limited the power of the Catholic Church
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Joseph II
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Lesson 2
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Lesson 2
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a territory that is ruled by another country and is usually very far from the ruling country
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colony
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a set of rules explainng the structure and powers of the government.
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constitution
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a political system in which people freely elect government leaders.
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democracy
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Why did private companies help establish colonies in North America?
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They hoped the settlements would make them a profit
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Who governed the colonies?
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governers reporting to Great Britain.
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What was the war called when the british & French fought over the North American Colonies?
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Seven Years War
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Who won the Seven Years War?
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British drove the French out of most of North America, but it cost them greatly.
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How did British pay for the debt of the seven years war?
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By taxing the people in the colonies of North America
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Why were the colonists upset with Great Britain
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thought they paid enough taxes.
did not have same rights as other english citizens did not elect representatives to government. Did not elect their own governors. |
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A conflict were several colonists were killed by troops enforcing tax laws.
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Boston Massacre
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Britain tried to tax Asian tea on colonists. Colonists through British Tea into the harbor.
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Boston Tea Party
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How did Revolutionary War begin?
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British troops tried to take away colonists guns and ammunition away, but they fought back.
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When did colonist declare their independence? Where?
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Philadelphia, July 1776
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People had the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
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Declaration of Independence
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Who helped the colonists defeat Britain? Why?
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France.
They did not want British to have so much power in colonies. |
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Who led the colonists in war?
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George Washington
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When & where were the British defeated?
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Yorktown in 1781.
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First revolution in which ordinary citizens overthrew a royal power - enlightenment ideas?
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American Revolution
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Cause of the French Revolution?
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War left them in debt and they needed to tax to pay for the debt. 3 estates could not agree.
food shortage |
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the third estate walked out of a meeting and declared their own government called
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National Assembly
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What event started the revolt across France?
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Storming the Bastille for weapons
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The declaration of france that guaranteed basic rights for all citizens including liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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what other countries tried to support king and nobles in France?
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Prussia and Austria
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Why did members of the third estate form the National Assembly?
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They did not agree with the other 2 estates or the king and wanted to form a government where citizens rights were protected.
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time from 1789 to 1794 when angry mobs tried to form government and other nations felt threatened by democratic ideas
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Reign of Terror
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party who declared a "policy of terror" against anyone who supported king or disagreed with their policies
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Jacobins
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Who led the Jacobins?
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Maximillian Robespierre
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Name of wars where other countries tried to invade France?
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French Revolutionary Wars
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Some positive things Jacobins did?
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Free schooling for all children regardless of class or income.
Taxes based on income. end slavery in colonies. Citizen's army against invaders. |
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How did Robespierre die?
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Arrested and executed because he was a tyrant
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What ended the Reign of Terror
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Death of Robespierrre
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What new govenment formed which got rid of many reforms?
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Directory
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Who could vote under the Directory?
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Only those paying a certain amount of tax
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Who was a military leader with victories in Italy and returned to France and seized power?
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Napolean Bonaparte
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Why was it easy for Napolean Bonaparte to take over?
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people tired of conflict and wars.
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Lesson 3
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Lesson 3
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A set of laws that protect individual liberty, the right to work, and the right to one's own opinions
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Napoleonic Code
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Banning of Trade
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blockage
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to send away
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exile
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how did Napoleon first become popular with the French people?
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Great military victory against Austria & italy.
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What countries where forming alliance to defeat France?
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Austria, Great Britain, Turkey, and Russia
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Napolean defeated what countries & controlled them?
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Spain, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and Belgium
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How did Napoleon stay in power with so many different countries?
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Put relatives and friends in power
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What European country remained strong against Napolean
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Great Britain
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Even though Napoleon was an absolute ruler what strong reforms did he put in place?
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Napoleonic Code.
Rights of Catholics protected. built schools, canals and roads |
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How did Napoleon help the economy?
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Established Central Bank.
controlled prices for food and basic needs. |
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What brought about the defeat of Napoleon?
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His need to expand the empire
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How did Napoleon try to defeat Great Britain
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economically through blockades.
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Napoleons attempt to economically decline
Great Britain is known as |
Continental System
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Name of the coalition formed to stop France
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Quadruple Alliance
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What did Napoleon attempt to do that caused the formation of the Quadruple Alliance?
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Invade Russia
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What did the European alliance do to Napoleon?
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Exile him to the island of Elba
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Who was put on throne after Napoleons first exile?
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Louis XVIII
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What battle was Napoleon defeated and exiled again until his death?
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Battle of Waterloo in Belgium
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Why did Napoleon create the Continental System?
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It was his attempt to defeat Great Britain through economic problems like Blockades.
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the woven or knitted cloths used to make clothing, blankets and toher gods
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textiles
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large buildings in which many people worked at the same time
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factories
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the development of new machines and the creation of factories
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Industrial Revolution
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a process for manufacturing all of the same parts of a product to be identical in size, shape and quality
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interchangeable parts
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What was the name to the people who resented labor saving machines and destroyed the factories and machines
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Luddites
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what caused the population of Great Britain to double from 1700 to 1800
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more food was available due to new farming practices
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How did British farmers use science to improve the way they grew food?
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by mixing different types of soil
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Why did Great Britain have an advantage in the Industrial Revolution?
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It had an abundance of natural coal & iron. Coal powered the machineries & railroads
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English inventor for Steam Locomotive?
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Richard Trevithick
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What did Great Britain do to protect themselves as an economic leader?
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passed laws forbidding export of machines, skilled laborers & new manufacturing methods to other countries
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What 2 English men opened machine shops in Belgium?
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William & John Cockerill
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What did US build for England?
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Ships
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Why was US also successful at industrialization?
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Natural Resources - coal & iron
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Who invented interchangeable parts?
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Eli Whitney
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Who invented the telegraph?
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Samual Morse
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where was the telegraph installed?
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along railroad lines
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Why did disease become a problem in cities?
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The cities grew rapidly and many workers lived in slums with poor sanitation
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What was wrong with the working conditions at factories?
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dusty, loud machines and unsafe machines. worked long hours
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Why did wealth increase for working class?
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More work was available because of the factories
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Why did new cities grow so quickly during the industrial revolution?
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Large number of workers were needed at the new factories
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