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104 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
a way of performing experiments
scientific method
the patterns that control the behavior of the universe.
natural laws
the belief that science and natural laws bring individuals and society to a more enlightened state
Enlightenment
The rights to life, liberty and property
natural rights
belief that living things developed from nonliving things.
for example, maggots from rotten meat
Theory of spontaneous generation
First person to study bacteria
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Who found that the sun was the center of the universe. Earth revolved around the sun.
Galileo Gallilei
What scientist was imprisoned in his house for life since his work contradicted the teachings of the Catholic Church
Galileo Gallilei
Who was the first person to use the telescope?
Galileo Gallilei
What was the period in time from mid 1500 to mid 1700 where new scientific discoveries were found called?
Scientific Revolution
Flemish doctor who produced a manual that showed the structure of the human body
Andreas Vesalius
English doctor who discovered the human heart works like a pump and blood is returned to the heart after it circulates
William Harvey
French philosopher who developed geometry and math was perfect model for all reasoning in science.
Rene Descartes
What Irish chemist work is the foundation of meodern chemistry.
Robert Boyle
British scientist who had theories on natural laws
Sir Isaac Newton
Who was the first scientist that caused scientific organizations to form?
Sir Isaac Newton
2 most important organizations for science that formed in 1600's
Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge.
Academie des Sciences of Paris
What was the movement of scientific knowledge in Europe called?
Enlightenment
How were Enlightenment Ideas communicated throughout Europe?
Scientific organizations such as Royal Society of London for the P of N. K. & Academie des Sciences of paris
What english writer believed in Divine Right to Rule and power of royalty because he thought people would behave badly without it?
Thomas Hobbes
Who disagreed with Hobbes view of the divine right to rule
Enlightenment Thinkers
What man believed any person who had a good education had the power to reason and make good decisions?
Rene Descartes
what book had enlightenment ideas to government and challenged the deine right of kings?
Two Treatises of Government
What English writer wrote Two Treatises of Government and challenged the devine right of kings?
John Locke
Who believed in Natural rights, people should hold power of government, overthrow government that doesn't do these things
John Locke
Who ruled Prussia with enlightenment ideas. He had absolute power, but he worked for the common good. Helped peasant farmers
Frederick the Great
Who ruled Russia with enlightenment ideas and expanded education and public health.
Catherine the Great
who in Austria limited the power of the Catholic Church
Joseph II
Lesson 2
Lesson 2
a territory that is ruled by another country and is usually very far from the ruling country
colony
a set of rules explainng the structure and powers of the government.
constitution
a political system in which people freely elect government leaders.
democracy
Why did private companies help establish colonies in North America?
They hoped the settlements would make them a profit
Who governed the colonies?
governers reporting to Great Britain.
What was the war called when the british & French fought over the North American Colonies?
Seven Years War
Who won the Seven Years War?
British drove the French out of most of North America, but it cost them greatly.
How did British pay for the debt of the seven years war?
By taxing the people in the colonies of North America
Why were the colonists upset with Great Britain
thought they paid enough taxes.
did not have same rights as other english citizens
did not elect representatives to government.
Did not elect their own governors.
A conflict were several colonists were killed by troops enforcing tax laws.
Boston Massacre
Britain tried to tax Asian tea on colonists. Colonists through British Tea into the harbor.
Boston Tea Party
How did Revolutionary War begin?
British troops tried to take away colonists guns and ammunition away, but they fought back.
When did colonist declare their independence? Where?
Philadelphia, July 1776
People had the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
Declaration of Independence
Who helped the colonists defeat Britain? Why?
France.
They did not want British to have so much power in colonies.
Who led the colonists in war?
George Washington
When & where were the British defeated?
Yorktown in 1781.
First revolution in which ordinary citizens overthrew a royal power - enlightenment ideas?
American Revolution
Cause of the French Revolution?
War left them in debt and they needed to tax to pay for the debt. 3 estates could not agree.
food shortage
the third estate walked out of a meeting and declared their own government called
National Assembly
What event started the revolt across France?
Storming the Bastille for weapons
The declaration of france that guaranteed basic rights for all citizens including liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
what other countries tried to support king and nobles in France?
Prussia and Austria
Why did members of the third estate form the National Assembly?
They did not agree with the other 2 estates or the king and wanted to form a government where citizens rights were protected.
time from 1789 to 1794 when angry mobs tried to form government and other nations felt threatened by democratic ideas
Reign of Terror
party who declared a "policy of terror" against anyone who supported king or disagreed with their policies
Jacobins
Who led the Jacobins?
Maximillian Robespierre
Name of wars where other countries tried to invade France?
French Revolutionary Wars
Some positive things Jacobins did?
Free schooling for all children regardless of class or income.
Taxes based on income.
end slavery in colonies.
Citizen's army against invaders.
How did Robespierre die?
Arrested and executed because he was a tyrant
What ended the Reign of Terror
Death of Robespierrre
What new govenment formed which got rid of many reforms?
Directory
Who could vote under the Directory?
Only those paying a certain amount of tax
Who was a military leader with victories in Italy and returned to France and seized power?
Napolean Bonaparte
Why was it easy for Napolean Bonaparte to take over?
people tired of conflict and wars.
Lesson 3
Lesson 3
A set of laws that protect individual liberty, the right to work, and the right to one's own opinions
Napoleonic Code
Banning of Trade
blockage
to send away
exile
how did Napoleon first become popular with the French people?
Great military victory against Austria & italy.
What countries where forming alliance to defeat France?
Austria, Great Britain, Turkey, and Russia
Napolean defeated what countries & controlled them?
Spain, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland and Belgium
How did Napoleon stay in power with so many different countries?
Put relatives and friends in power
What European country remained strong against Napolean
Great Britain
Even though Napoleon was an absolute ruler what strong reforms did he put in place?
Napoleonic Code.
Rights of Catholics protected.
built schools, canals and roads
How did Napoleon help the economy?
Established Central Bank.
controlled prices for food and basic needs.
What brought about the defeat of Napoleon?
His need to expand the empire
How did Napoleon try to defeat Great Britain
economically through blockades.
Napoleons attempt to economically decline
Great Britain is known as
Continental System
Name of the coalition formed to stop France
Quadruple Alliance
What did Napoleon attempt to do that caused the formation of the Quadruple Alliance?
Invade Russia
What did the European alliance do to Napoleon?
Exile him to the island of Elba
Who was put on throne after Napoleons first exile?
Louis XVIII
What battle was Napoleon defeated and exiled again until his death?
Battle of Waterloo in Belgium
Why did Napoleon create the Continental System?
It was his attempt to defeat Great Britain through economic problems like Blockades.
the woven or knitted cloths used to make clothing, blankets and toher gods
textiles
large buildings in which many people worked at the same time
factories
the development of new machines and the creation of factories
Industrial Revolution
a process for manufacturing all of the same parts of a product to be identical in size, shape and quality
interchangeable parts
What was the name to the people who resented labor saving machines and destroyed the factories and machines
Luddites
what caused the population of Great Britain to double from 1700 to 1800
more food was available due to new farming practices
How did British farmers use science to improve the way they grew food?
by mixing different types of soil
Why did Great Britain have an advantage in the Industrial Revolution?
It had an abundance of natural coal & iron. Coal powered the machineries & railroads
English inventor for Steam Locomotive?
Richard Trevithick
What did Great Britain do to protect themselves as an economic leader?
passed laws forbidding export of machines, skilled laborers & new manufacturing methods to other countries
What 2 English men opened machine shops in Belgium?
William & John Cockerill
What did US build for England?
Ships
Why was US also successful at industrialization?
Natural Resources - coal & iron
Who invented interchangeable parts?
Eli Whitney
Who invented the telegraph?
Samual Morse
where was the telegraph installed?
along railroad lines
Why did disease become a problem in cities?
The cities grew rapidly and many workers lived in slums with poor sanitation
What was wrong with the working conditions at factories?
dusty, loud machines and unsafe machines. worked long hours
Why did wealth increase for working class?
More work was available because of the factories
Why did new cities grow so quickly during the industrial revolution?
Large number of workers were needed at the new factories