Revision Term 1

Front 1

Surface furthest away from the ground

Back 1

Dorsal

Hint 1

A Dolphins fin

Front 2

The surface nearest the ground

Back 2

Ventral

Hint 2

Ventilation in the chest

Front 3

Towards the head

Back 3

Cranial

Hint 3

With your brain in it

Front 4

Towards the tail

Back 4

Caudal

Hint 4

Pull the chord not the tail

Front 5

Towards the nose

Back 5

Rostral

Hint 5

Like your nostrils

Front 6

Closest to the body

Back 6

Proximal

Hint 6

In close proximity

Front 7

Nearer the toes

Back 7

Distal

Hint 7

Footsteps in the distance

Front 8

The midline or middle

Back 8

Medial

Hint 8

A mediator in the middle

Front 9

To the outside of the body

Back 9

Lateral

Hint 9

Flat sides

Front 10

Underneath back foot

Back 10

Plantar

Hint 10

Plant your legs

Front 11

Underneath front foot

Back 11

Palmar

Hint 11

The palm of your hand

Front 12

Three body cavities

Back 12

Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic

Hint 12

Top middle and bottom but no head

Front 13

Boundaries of thoracic cavity

Back 13

Caudal - diaphragm

Lateral- ribs and intercostal muscles

Dorsal- thoracic spine and hypaxial muscles

Ventral- sternum

Front 14

Serous membrane of the thoracic cavity

Back 14

Pleura; named further relating to what it covers e.g. Diaphragmatic pleura, costal pleura

Front 15

Division of the thoracic cavity into 2 pleural cavities by:

Back 15

Mediastinum

Hint 15

Double layer in the middle

Front 16

Lungs are covered with

Back 16

Visceral (organ) pleura called pulmonary pleura

Front 17

Mediastinum forms pericardial cavity and contains (4/5)

Back 17

Heart, aorta, trachea, oesophagus (& thymus in young animals)

Front 18

Heart is contained within double layer of membrane called

Back 18

Pericardium

Front 19

11 body systems

Back 19

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Respiratory

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive

Front 20

Prefix of

1. above/more than

2. below/less than

Back 20

1. Hyper

2. Hypo

Front 21

Prefix of

1. Around

2. Many

Back 21

1. Peri

2. Poly

Front 22

Prefix of

1. Between

2. Within

Back 22

1. Inter

2. Intra

Front 23

Prefix of

1. Low/slow

2. Rapid/fast

Back 23

1. Brady

2. Tachy

Front 24

Body cavities are lined with an endothelium called:

Back 24

Serous membrane

Hint 24

You cannot be serious

Front 25

Serous membrane that lines the cavities is called

Back 25

Mesentary

Hint 25

A messy business

Front 26

Serous membrane that covers the organs is called

Back 26

Serosa

Hint 26

Very serious

Front 27

Endothelium also produces ...

Back 27

Serous fluid, lubricant

Hint 27

Protective goo

Front 28

Boundaries of the abdominal cavity

Back 28

Cranial- diaphragm

Caudal- pelvic inlet

Lateral- abdominal muscles

Dorsal-lumbar vertebrae and hypaxial muscles

Ventral- abdominal muscles

Front 29

Abdomen lined with serous membrane called

Back 29

Peritoneum

Hint 29

Parrot

Front 30

Peritoneal cavity is

Back 30

The space between the parietal peritoneum of the walls and the visceral peritoneum that covers the organs

Front 31

Friction in the peritoneal cavity is prevented by

Back 31

Peritoneal fluid

Front 32

Folds of visceral peritoneum suspending the organs and keeping them separate

Back 32

Mesentary

Hint 32

Miso soup

Front 33

Examples of renamed Mesentary

Back 33

Based on location : mesoduodenum, mesoovarium

Front 34

Folds of lace-like peritoneum containing vessels and fat

Back 34

Omentum

Hint 34

The omen

Front 35

Boundaries of pelvic cavity

Back 35

Cranial- pelvic inlet

Caudal- pelvic outlet and pelvic diaphragm

Lateral- muscles and ligaments

Dorsal- coccygeal vertebrae and sacrum

Ventral- pubis and ischium

Front 36

Cavity lining is called_________ and organ lining is called_________

Back 36

Parietal and visceral

Hint 36

P and V

Front 37

Interstitial fluid ________________ and transcellular fluid _______________________________

Back 37

Surrounds the cells

Travels around the body

Hint 37

In the house or out and about

Front 38

Water in the body (2 things)

Back 38

Chemical reactions take place in water

Regulate optimal conditions and temperature

Front 39

Hypotonic solution is

Back 39

Lower concentration then body fluids; has higher OP in the body, water can only go IN, cells will expand

Front 40

Hypertonic solution is

Back 40

Higher concentration than body fluids; lower OP in body, water can only go OUT, cells lose water, shrink

Front 41

Intracellular fluid is ______ cells and Extracellular fluid is _______ cells

Back 41

Inside

Outside

Front 42

Body's internal balance is called

Back 42

Homeostasis

Front 43

Negative feedback is:

Back 43

Where the body identifies a problem with the levels within the body, makes changes to rectify them, then gives a further message (negative feedback) to cease the changes when the levels are back to normal

E.g thirst receptors tell you to drink, cease drinking when fluid levels restored (no longer thirsty)

Front 44

6 homeostatic mechanisms

Back 44

Osmoregulation- water levels

Thermoregulation- temperature

Excretion of waste- kidneys (urine)

Buffer systems- maintains pH

Blood pressure maintenance

Metabolic rate- thyroid activity

Front 45

Definition of osmosis

Back 45

Movement of water through a semi permeable membrane from a Low to High concentration;

gives water to create an even balance; can occur in Intra or Extracellular fluid

Front 46

Definition of diffusion

Back 46

Movement of particles from a High to Low concentration; occurs through cell membranes if particles are small enough; if too big then osmosis occurs

Front 47

Osmotic pressure is:

Back 47

The pressure balance needed to stop osmosis occurring;

If lose water will increase concentration inside blood vessels, and increase osmotic pressure;

OP will stop water from leaving the blood vessel, by ensuring that water can only move INTO the blood vessel

Front 48

The osmotic concentration of solution in reaction to body fluids is

Back 48

Tonicity

Front 49

3 solutions in relation to body fluids are

Back 49

Isotonic

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Front 50

Isotonic solution is

Back 50

Same concentration as body fluids; water can move in or out of cel freely, same osmotic pressure

Front 51

A cell in a hypertonic solution will shrink - this is called

Back 51

Crenation

Front 52

Anabolic respiration is

Back 52

Simple substances creating complex substances, using energy

Hint 52

Lego

Front 53

Catabolic respiration is

Back 53

Complex/compound substances breaking down into simple substances, creating energy

Hint 53

Breaks down

Front 54

Internal respiration is

Back 54

Function of cells using food or energy

Front 55

ATP has to _________ a phosphate to create energy

Back 55

Lose

Hint 55

Unstable

Front 56

ATP energy production occurs within the_____________ of the cell

Back 56

Mitochondria

Front 57

Which requires ATP conversion for energy, Active or Passive transport?

Back 57

Active: converts ATP to ADP creating energy allowing transport across the cell membrane

Front 58

3 examples of Passive transport are:

Back 58

Osmosis

Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Front 59

Endocytosis is where the __________________ wraps around a particle of fluid, and deposits it ________________

Back 59

Cell wall

Inside the cell

Front 60

A cell in a hypotonic solution will swell with water. This is known as

Back 60

Lyse

Front 61

pH stands for

Back 61

The power of hydrogen concentration

Front 62

The power of hydrogen concentration is a factor of

Back 62

10; one pH unit represents a tenfold change in hydrogen concentration

Front 63

The normal pH of blood is

Back 63

7.4

Front 64

If blood pH drops below 7.4 this is known as

Back 64

Acidosis - nervous system becomes depressed and animal will be disorientated or even comatose

Front 65

If blood pH rises above 7.45 this is called

Back 65

Alkalosis - nervous system becomes over excitable and animal becomes nervous or may have convulsions

Front 66

Respiratory alkalosis is

Back 66

A loss of hydrogen due to hyperventilation (pain, stress, hyperthermia)

E.g. Dogs in hot cars

Front 67

Respiratory acidosis is

Back 67

Retaining hydrogen due to hypoventilation (ruptured diaphragm,pneumothorax). Nervous system then shuts down

Front 68

Metabolic acidosis is

Back 68

Retaining hydrogen - acute renal failure, shock; kidneys stop filtering blood, causing lethargy

All blood goes to the main organs, increasing the hydrogen which is not being excreted

Needs to go on fluids!!

Front 69

Loose connective tissue is found

Back 69

All over! Beneath the skin, in vessels, nerves

Front 70

Types of muscle are: (4)

Back 70

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

Nervous

Front 71

Skeletal muscle

Back 71

For movement, is attached to the skeleton

Front 72

Smooth muscle is

Back 72

Unconscious processes; involuntary controls such as the bladder

Front 73

Cardiac muscle is

Back 73

In the heart; contracts the heart to pump blood

Front 74

Nervous muscle tissue

Back 74

Transmits nerve impulses; cell body are neurons and nerve fibers are dendrons and axons

Front 75

Epithelial tissue types: (5)

Back 75

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

Stratified

Transitional

Front 76

Simple squamous epithelium is

Back 76

Easily permeable to oxygen; found in blood vessels and alveoli of the lungs

Front 77

Simple cuboidal epithelium is

Back 77

Absorptive or excretory depending on location; lining if renal tubules or in the thyroid

Front 78

Stratified squamous epithelium is

Back 78

Protects against abrasions; replaces in layers , i.e. Skin

Front 79

Transitional epithelium is

Back 79

Can change shape relating to internal pressure and capacity ; found in bladder, uterus

Front 80

Adipose is

Back 80

Fat - found in dermis of skin; kidney

Front 81

Ciliated epithelium is

Back 81

Coated in tiny hairs, waft particles along; found in trachea, nose, Fallopian tubes

Front 82

Dense connective tissue is

Back 82

Tendons and ligaments

Front 83

Spongey bone is found

Back 83

Mesh filled with marrow - ends of long bones , core of short and irregular bones, flat bones - create red blood cells

Front 84

Compact bone is

Back 84

Outer layer of bones

Front 85

Hyaline cartilage

Back 85

Protects against friction , articulate surfaces of joints

Front 86

White fibro cartilage is

Back 86

Strong- attaches tendons and ligaments to bones

In discs in vertebrae

Front 87

Elastic cartilage is

Back 87

For flexibility - epiglottis and external ear (pinna)

Front 88

Haemopoietic tissue is for

Back 88

Formation of blood cells, found in marrow of long bones

Front 89

Lymphoid tissue is

Back 89

In the lymphatic system, sends messages - lymph glands

Front 90

Simple columnar epithelium is

Back 90

Single layer of rectangular cells on a basement membrane; found in stomach and intestines

Front 91

Simple columnar epithelium is

Back 91

Single layer of rectangular cells on a basement membrane; found in stomach and intestines

Front 92

2 types of glands

Back 92

Endocrine and Exocrine

Front 93

Exocrine glands have:

Back 93

Ducts; excrete hormones directly where needed

Front 94

Endocrine glands :

Back 94

The hormones are released and travel around in the bloodstream to target tissues- do not have ducts

Front 95

Exception to endocrine glands is

Back 95

The pancreas : classified as a mixed gland as it releases insulin to regulate glucose (endocrine method), but also release digestive enzymes that directly break down food (using duct, exocrine method)

Front 96

Neuron is

Back 96

A nerve cell

Front 97

Definition of myelinated

Back 97

When the neuron is enclosed in a fatty sheath which allows the electrical impulse to move faster

Front 98

Definition of non-myelinated

Back 98

No fatty sheath, impulse moves slower

Front 99

Afferent fibers conduct information ___ the CNS, and Efferent fibers conduct information _________ the CNS

Back 99

Afferent - towards

Efferent - away from

Front 100

Mucus is

Back 100

Thick protein filled fluid secreted by specialized epithelial cells to protect the tissue beneath

Front 101

Cilia is

Back 101

Small hair like projections of the surface of some epithelium light cells to move mucus along

Front 102

Keratin is

Back 102

Tough protein found in the top layer of stratified squamous epithelium where great protection is required

Front 103

Goblet cells are

Back 103

Specialists epithelial cells that secrete mucus and are an example of a simple or unicellular gland

Front 104

Aponeurosis is

Back 104

A sheet of muscle and dense connective tissue, e.g. Diaphragm

Front 105

Ligament is

Back 105

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Front 106

Tendon is

Back 106

Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

Front 107

Haversian systems are

Back 107

Canal like structures that run the length of bone and make up the structure

Carry blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics that serve the bone

Front 108

Osteocytes are

Back 108

Bone cells

Front 109

Periosteum is

Back 109

Tough fibrous membrane that covers all bone

Front 110

Perichondrium is

Back 110

Membrane that covers cartilage and supplies it with blood

Front 111

A Chondryte is

Back 111

A cartilage producing cell

Front 112

Sudiferous gland is

Back 112

Sweat gland

Front 113

Sebaceous gland is

Back 113

Secreting

Front 114

Ceruminous gland produces

Back 114

Ear wax

Front 115

Meibomian gland is

Back 115

Found on the margins of the eyelid and secretes fluid to lubricate and protect the eye ( NOT tears)

Front 116

Mammary glands produce

Back 116

Milk

Front 117

Anal glands

Back 117

Scent glands, the glands line the anal sacs

Front 118

Dendrons/dendrites carry information _________ the cell body

Back 118

Towards

Front 119

Axons carry information _____________ the cell body

Back 119

Away from

Front 120

Schwann cell is the _________ of the visible nerves

Back 120

White color

Front 121

Myelin sheath

Back 121

Increases speed of transmission

Front 122

Node of Ranvier

Back 122

Delivers oxygen and nutrition to the Axon

Front 123

Neuromuscular junction

Back 123

Connects to the muscle fiber

Front 124

3 layers of skin

Back 124

Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

Front 125

4 layers of epidermis

Back 125

Bottom/1: stratum germinativum

2: stratum granulosum

3: stratum luciderm

4: stratum corneum

Front 126

Functions of the skin (6)

Back 126

Protection

Production

Sensory

Storage

Thermoregulation

Communication

Front 127

Vibrissae is also known as

Back 127

Cilia

Front 128

Arrector pili muscles play a part in

Back 128

Thermoregulation

Front 129

Epidermis is composed of

Back 129

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 130

Sudoriferous glands are

Back 130

Coiled

Front 131

Part of the distal phalanx covered by the claw is

Back 131

Ungual process

Front 132

Arrector pili are attached to

Back 132

Guard hairs

Front 133

The most vibrissae are located on

Back 133

The face

Front 134

Mitosis is the division of

Back 134

Somatic cells (non reproductive )

Front 135

Meiosis is the division of

Back 135

Germ cells (sperm and egg combining)

Front 136

Rest phase in mitosis

Back 136

Interphase

Front 137

Phase of Lining up in mitosis

Back 137

Metaphase

Front 138

Rest phase of mitosis

Back 138

Interphase

Front 139

Term describing cell division in mitosis

Back 139

Binary fission

Front 140

Chromosomes lining up in mitosis

Back 140

Metaphase

Front 141

Meiosis requires initial _________ within the germ cells, which results in a ________ number of chromosomes within the ova or sperm.

Back 141

Division

Haploid

Front 142

Meiosis second phase results in ___ daughter cells

Back 142

4

Front 143

Chromosomes become shorter and fatter; they are then referred to as__________

Back 143

Chromatids

Front 144

(mitosis) Nuclear membrane breaks down in

Back 144

Prophase

Front 145

(Mitosis) chromosomes attach to the spindle fibres and moves chromatids to opposite poles of the cells in

Back 145

Anaphase

Front 146

Maintenance fluids per day

Back 146

50-60ml/kg per day

Front 147

Fluid loss from urine

Back 147

20ml/ kg per day

Front 148

Fluid loss through faeces

Back 148

10-20ml /kg per day

Front 149

Fluid loss through respiration and sweating

Back 149

20ml /kg per day

Front 150

Intercellular cations

Back 150

Potassium

Magnesium

Sodium

Front 151

Intracellular anions

Back 151

Phosphate

Bicarbonate

Chloride

Front 152

Extra cellular cations

Back 152

Sodium

Potassium

Magnesium

Calcium

Front 153

Extracellular anions

Back 153

Chloride

Bicarbonate

Phosphate

Front 154

Total body water %

Back 154

60%

Front 155

Total body water divided into:

Back 155

Extracellular- 20%

Intracellular- 40%

Front 156

Extracellular fluid divided into:

Back 156

Interstitial fluid- 14-15%

Plasma- 5%

Transcellular fluid- <1%

Front 157

Examples of transcellular fluid

Back 157

Lymphatic fluid

Synovial fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid

Front 158

Names of cell organelles

Back 158

Centrosomes

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi body/apparatus

Lysosomes

Front 159

Osteoblasts are

Back 159

Immature cells which can synthesise osteoid (the bone matrix)

Front 160

Osteocytes are

Back 160

Mature cells which maintain bone structure

Front 161

Osteoclasts are

Back 161

Cells which can break down and remodel bone

Front 162

Bones of the skull

Back 162

Maxilla

Frontal

Lacrimal

Sphenoid complex

Zygomatic arch

Nasal

Incisor

Parietal

Occipital bone

Temporal

Occipital condyles

Mandible

Front 163

Front (Term)

Back 163

Back (Definition)

Front 164

Number of cervical vertebrae

Back 164

7:

Atlas

Axis

C3-C7

Front 165

Number of cervical vertebrae

Back 165

7:

Atlas

Axis

C3-C7

Front 166

Number of thoracic vertebrae

Back 166

13

Front 167

Number of cervical vertebrae

Back 167

7:

Atlas

Axis

C3-C7

Front 168

Number of thoracic vertebrae

Back 168

13

Front 169

Number of lumbar vertebrae

Back 169

7

Front 170

Number of sacral vertebrae

Back 170

3 (fused)

Front 171

Number of coccygeal vertebrae

Back 171

5-13 depending on breed, length of tail etc

Front 172

The process of new bone growing from cartilage and hardening

Back 172

Ossification

Front 173

Bones grow longer from the-

Back 173

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate )

Front 174

Bones grow longer from the-

Back 174

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate )

Front 175

Yellow marrow consists of

Back 175

Lipid and cartilage

Front 176

Bones grow longer from the-

Back 176

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate )

Front 177

Yellow marrow consists of

Back 177

Lipid and cartilage

Front 178

Red marrow is

Back 178

Haemopoetic tissue; grow new red blood cells

Front 179

Supraspinatus muscle

Back 179

Origin: Fills supraspinatus fossa (scapula)

Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus (cranial aspect)

Action: extends and stabilises shoulder joint

Front 180

Supraspinatus muscle

Back 180

Origin: Fills supraspinatus fossa (scapula)

Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus (cranial aspect)

Action: extends and stabilises shoulder joint

Front 181

Muscles on the scapula

Back 181

Front 182

3 muscles of elbow region

Back 182

Back (Definition)

Front 183

Origin Insertion and action of triceps brachii

Back 183

Has 4 heads!!!

Origin : 3 from proximal humerus 2 from scapula

Insertion: olecranon (with bursa between bone and tendon)

Action: extend the elbow

Front 184

Extrinsic muscles

Back 184

Large movements involving a whole limb

Front 185

Vertebral formula for cat and dog

Back 185

C7 T13 L7 S3 Cc 20-23

Front 186

Vertebral formula for horses

Back 186

C7 T18 L6 S5 Cc 15-20

Front 187

Horse cervical vertebra have ___ __________ __ ____________ ___________

Back 187

No spinous or transverse processes

Front 188

Radius and ulna are ________ in the horse

Back 188

Fused

Front 189

Name for horse metatarsal IV is

Back 189

Lateral splint bone

Front 190

Name for horse metatarsal _III is

Back 190

Cannon bone

Front 191

Horse tarsus is made of ________ small bones arranged in ___ rows

Back 191

6-7

3

Front 192

Equine carpus

Back 192

Back (Definition)

Front 193

Equine skull

Back 193

equine skull

Front 194

Equine skull

Back 194

Equine skull

Front 195

3 functions of vertebral column

Back 195

Protect the spinal chord

Aid support of the head

Provide attachment point for muscles

Front 196

Bulk of vertebrae (structure) made of the cylindrical ______

Back 196

Body

Front 197

Vertebral foramen also known as

Back 197

Neural arch

Front 198

Vertebral foramen also known as

Back 198

Neural arch

Front 199

Foramina form the ____ _____

Back 199

Spinal canal

Front 200

Vertebral foramen also known as

Back 200

Neural arch

Front 201

Foramina form the ____ _____

Back 201

Spinal canal

Front 202

Intervertebral discs ; outer and inner names

Back 202

Outer: annulus fibrosis

Inner: nucleus pulposus

Front 203

Vertebral foramen also known as

Back 203

Neural arch

Front 204

Foramina form the ____ _____

Back 204

Spinal canal

Front 205

Intervertebral discs ; outer and inner names

Back 205

Outer: annulus fibrosis

Inner: nucleus pulposus

Front 206

A slipped disc is

Back 206

Where the outer ring ruptures and gel protrudes out putting pressure on the spinal chord or associated nerves

Front 207

Vertebral foramen also known as

Back 207

Neural arch

Front 208

Foramina form the ____ _____

Back 208

Spinal canal

Front 209

Intervertebral discs ; outer and inner names

Back 209

Outer: annulus fibrosis

Inner: nucleus pulposus

Front 210

A slipped disc is

Back 210

Where the outer ring ruptures and gel protrudes out putting pressure on the spinal chord or associated nerves

Front 211

Dorsal from the neural arch is the ______ _______

Back 211

Spinous process

Front 212

Vertebral foramen also known as

Back 212

Neural arch

Front 213

Foramina form the ____ _____

Back 213

Spinal canal

Front 214

Intervertebral discs ; outer and inner names

Back 214

Outer: annulus fibrosis

Inner: nucleus pulposus

Front 215

A slipped disc is

Back 215

Where the outer ring ruptures and gel protrudes out putting pressure on the spinal chord or associated nerves

Front 216

Dorsal from the neural arch is the ______ _______

Back 216

Spinous process

Front 217

Lateral on the vertebrae there are 2...

Back 217

Transverse processes

Front 218

Transverse processes used for..

Back 218

Muscle attachment : divide the muscles of the vertebral column into Expaxial and Hypaxial

Front 219

Transverse processes used for..

Back 219

Muscle attachment : divide the muscles of the vertebral column into Expaxial and Hypaxial

Front 220

Describe cervical vertebrae

Back 220

7 vertebrae

1- Atlas (consists of only 2 large lateral processes, no body or spinous process), the YES joint)

2- Axis (large blade spinal process, attaches neck muscles, cranial projection - Dens/Odontoid process, NO joint)

C1 C2 fit together

C3-7 increasing length of spinal process, but look the same

Front 221

Thoracic vertebrae

Back 221

T1-T13

Short body, distinctive spinous processes: initially point Dorsally then gradually point Caudally further down

Short lateral process with Fovea on Lat process and Body that articulate with the tubercle and head of the Rib respectively

Mamillary process start at 2nd/3rd vertebrae : small rounded projection a of bone

Front 222

Lumbar vertebrae

Back 222

L1-L7

Longer bodies that increase in width

Large transverse processes, angle cranioventrally

Longest in mid lumbar region

Suspend abdominal muscles

Spinous processes angled cranially and larger in mid lumbar region

Front 223

Sacral vertebrae

Back 223

S1-3

Fused together, form the sacrum

Fibrosynovial joint articulates with ilium of the pelvis: forms Sacroiliac joint

Front 224

Coccygeal (caudal) vertebrae

Back 224

Number varies breed to breed

Decrease in size down the tail

First few have neural arches and costo-transverse processes but the last are small rods of bone

Front 225

Number of pairs of ribs in cat and dog

Back 225

13

Front 226

Ribs are classed as

Back 226

Flat bones

Front 227

Ribs are classed as

Back 227

Flat bones

Front 228

Dorsal part of rib is ______ and ventral part is _____________ also known as the _______________ ___________

Back 228

Dorsal: bone

Ventral: cartilaginous

Costochondral junction

Front 229

Dorsal bone part of vertebrae articulates with vertebrae via the _______

Back 229

Fovea

Front 230

Ribs 1-8 articulate with the ___________ and are known as ____ ribs

Back 230

Sternum

True ribs

Front 231

Ribs 9-12 just touch the ______ _________ of the rib in front, area known as ______ ____

Do not touch the sternum

Known as ________ or _____ ribs

Back 231

Costal cartilage

Costal arch

Asternal/false

Front 232

13th rib

Back 232

Does not articulate with the cartilage of the other ribs

Floating rib

Front 233

Spaces between ribs are known as

Back 233

Intercostal space

Are about twice the width of the adjacent rib

Contain intercostal muscles

Front 234

Most ventral and midline point in the rib cage is the

Back 234

Sternum

Front 235

Bones of the sternum

Back 235

Sternebrae

Front 236

Number of sternebrae bones

Back 236

8

Front 237

Most cranial part of the sternum is the

Back 237

Manubrium

Slightly longer and projects in front of the first pair of ribs to form the thoracic inlet

Front 238

Most caudal sternebrae is the

Back 238

Xiphoid process

Longer and slightly flattened

Projecting caudally is xiphoid cartilage, point where linea alba attaches

Front 239

Bone matrix contains

Back 239

Collagen

Calcium

Phosphate

Front 240

Bone matrix contains

Back 240

Collagen

Calcium

Phosphate

Front 241

Bone diaphysis contains

Back 241

Medullary cavity

Front 242

Compact bone is mostly

Back 242

Solid matrix, forms diaphysis and outer coatings

Front 243

Compact bone is mostly

Back 243

Solid matrix, forms diaphysis and outer coatings

Front 244

In ossification , ________replace membranes or cartilage models

with bone

Back 244

Osteoblasts

Front 245

Zygomatic arch consists of

Back 245

Joined processes from temporal and zygomatic bones

Front 246

Zygomatic arch consists of

Back 246

Joined processes from temporal and zygomatic bones

Front 247

Major blood vessels supplying the brain pass through the ________ _______ and the _________ _____________

Back 247

Foramen magnum and carotid channels

Front 248

Hard palette is formed by (2)

Back 248

Maxilla and palatine bones

Front 249

Hard palette is formed by (2)

Back 249

Maxilla and palatine bones

Front 250

Teeth are housed in _________ in the maxilla and mandible bones

Back 250

Alveoli

Front 251

Hard palette is formed by (2)

Back 251

Maxilla and palatine bones

Front 252

Teeth are housed in _________ in the maxilla and mandible bones

Back 252

Alveoli

Front 253

Permanent teeth consist of (4)

Back 253

Incisors, canines, premolars and molars

Front 254

Adult dogs have __ premolars

Back 254

16

Front 255

The carnassial is

Back 255

The fourth premolar in the upper jaw of the dog

Front 256

Individual muscle cells are known as muscle -----

Back 256

Fibres

Front 257

Individual muscle cells are known as muscle -----

Back 257

Fibres

Front 258

Muscle fibres are grouped together in -------

Back 258

Fascicles

Front 259

The main part of a muscle is called the

Back 259

Belly

Front 260

Brachioceohalicus muscle

Back 260

Origin - cervical vertebrae

Insertion - humerus (head)

Action abductor of forelimb

Front 261

Latissimus dorsi

Back 261

Origin- caudal thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Insertion- medial humerus

Action- flexes the shoulder and retracts forelimb

Front 262

Latissimus dorsi

Back 262

Origin- caudal thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Insertion- medial humerus

Action- flexes the shoulder and retracts forelimb

Front 263

Triceps brachii

Back 263

Origin- caudal scapula and tricipital head of humerus

Insertion- olecranon

Action - flexes shoulder and extends elbow

Front 264

Biceps brachii

Back 264

Origin- Supraglenoid tubercle

Insertion- radial tuberosity

Action- extends the shoulder and flexes the elbow

Front 265

Epaxial muscles lie ______ the transverse processes of the vertebrae and hypaxial muscles lie ______

Back 265

Epaxial- above

Hypaxial - below

Front 266

Hindlimb biceps femoris

Back 266

Origin- ischial tuberosity

Insertion - patella, tibial crest, calcaneus

Action- retracts hip, flexes/extends stifle, extends hock

Front 267

Achilles' tendon connects with (3)

Back 267

Semitendonosus

Biceps femoris

Gastrocnemius

Front 268

Pectineus muscle

Back 268

Origin- prepubic tendon and pelvis

Insertion- distal femur

Action- adducts the hip

Front 269

Knee joint - discuss and label

Back 269

Back (Definition)

Front 270

3 types of muscle

Back 270

Back (Definition)

Front 271

Femur

Back 271

Most proximal bone of hindlimb

Rounded head articulates with acetabulum of pelvis

Has trochlear groove which forms part of the stifle (distal)

Greater trochanter can be felt on proximal femur alongside hip joint

Front 272

Structure points of pelvis (5)

Back 272

Front 273

Structures of tarsus

Back 273

Back (Definition)

Front 274

Fabellae is found in

Back 274

The tendons of the gastrocnemius muscle

Front 275

Largest sesamoid bone is

Back 275

The patella

Front 276

Structure of carpus

Back 276

Back (Definition)

Front 277

Vertebral formula for rabbits

Back 277

C7

T12-13

L-7

S-4

Cc-15-16

Front 278

Tortoise upper shell is called the _________ and the bottom is called the _________

Back 278

Upper- carapace

Lower- plastron

Front 279

Tortoise shell covered with bony plates covered with ________________ _________________ shields called ______

Back 279

Keratinised epidermal shields

Scutes

Front 280

Cockatiels craniofacial hinge is a

Back 280

Synovial joint

Front 281

Tortoise upper shell is called the _________ and the bottom is called the _________

Back 281

Upper- carapace

Lower- plastron

Front 282

Tortoise shell covered with bony plates covered with ________________ _________________ shields called ______

Back 282

Keratinised epidermal shields

Scutes

Front 283

Cockatiels craniofacial hinge is a

Back 283

Synovial joint

Front 284

Corn snake teeth are arranged

Back 284

In 6 rows with double rows in the upper jaw

Front 285

Snake teeth are shed ________________ _____ and are attached to _____ _____________ instead of the ______

Back 285

Teeth are shed throughout life and are attached to the bone rather than the root

Front 286

Premolars and molars in Lagomorphs and rodents are also known as

Back 286

Cheek teeth

Front 287

Premolars and molars in Lagomorphs and rodents are also known as

Back 287

Cheek teeth

Front 288

Cheek teeth consist of

Back 288

3 upper and 2 lower premolar teeth on each side

3 molars in each quadrant

Form nearly straight dental arcades contacting with opposite side to create continuous chewing surface

Front 289

Adult rabbit dental formula

Back 289

2 X 2/1 0/0 3/2 3/3 = 28

Front 290

Teeth are made of (3 things)

Back 290

Enamel

Dentine

Cement

Front 291

2 muscle filaments are

Back 291

Actin and myosin

Front 292

2 muscle filaments are

Back 292

Actin and myosin

Front 293

Muscle tone means

Back 293

The amount of tension in a muscle

Front 294

A single nerve together with the muscle fibres that it supplies are called a

Back 294

Motor unit

Front 295

A single nerve together with the muscle fibres that it supplies are called a

Back 295

Motor unit

Front 296

Muscles that perform accurate and delicate movements, a nerve fibre will supply ___ muscle fibres

Muscles that perform less accurate movements, the never fibre will supply ____ muscle fibres

Back 296

Accurate - few muscle fibres

Less accurate- many muscle fibres

Front 297

Extrinsic muscles bring about ______ movements and Intrinsic muscles bring about ______ movements

Back 297

Extrinsic big

Intrinsic small

Front 298

Actin filaments are

Myosin filaments are

Back 298

Actin thin

Myosin thick

Front 299

Muscle fibres overlap creating bands or striations called

Back 299

Sarcomeres

Front 300

Isometric contraction happens when

Back 300

Tension is generated in the muscle , tone is increased but the muscle does not shorten

Front 301

Isometric contraction happens when

Back 301

Tension is generated in the muscle , tone is increased but the muscle does not shorten

Front 302

Isotonic contraction happens when

Back 302

Muscle actually moves or shortens

Front 303

Exercised muscle gets larger =

Unused muscle shrinks =

Back 303

Larger = hypertrophy

Shrinks= atrophy

Front 304

A bursa is

Back 304

A connective tissue sac lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid

Front 305

A bursa is

Back 305

A connective tissue sac lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid

Front 306

Synovial or tendon sheath is

Back 306

When a bursa wraps completely around a tendon

Front 307

The facial nerve is also known as

Back 307

Cranial nerve VII

Front 308

Muscles of the face

Back 308

Digastricus (opens jaw)

Masseter (closes jaw)

Temporalis (closes jaw)

Front 309

Other facial muscles

Back 309

Medial and lateral pterygoids- deep muscles medial to the mandible

Aid in closing jaw

Side to side motion of jaw

Front 310

Muscles of the eye

Back 310

Rectus (dorsal medial ventral) lateral

Dorsal oblique

Ventral oblique

Retractor bulbi

Front 311

Eye nerves (2)

Back 311

Trochlear nerve

Optic nerve

Front 312

Thorax muscles

Back 312

External intercostals - most superficial

Origin: caudal border of rib

Insertion: cranial border of rib in front

Action- Inspiration

Internal intercostals- below ex/int

Origin: cranial border of rib

Insertion: causal border of rib in front

Action: passive expiration (not much activity !!)

Front 313

3 openings in the diaphragm

Back 313

Aortic hiatus : sorta, a thou she vein and thoracic duct

Oesophageal hiatus : oesophagus and vagal nerve trunks

Caval foramen : lies within central tendon, transmits caudal vena cava

Front 314

4 abdominal muscles

Back 314

Inserting into linear alba (3) :

External abdominal oblique

Internal abdominal oblique

Transverse abdominus

NOT inserting into linear alba:

Rectus abdominus

Front 315

Inguinal ring is

Back 315

Slit-like opening in aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique, in the groin

Allows passage of blood vessels from the abdomen to external genitalia and mammary glands, transmits the structures of the spermatic chord to the scrotum

Front 316

A synsarcosis is

Back 316

The attachment of a structure to the skeleton by muscles instead of the more conventional joint

Front 317

Triangular sheet of muscle in the forelimb

Back 317

Trapezius

Front 318

_________ muscles run from the ribs and sternum and insert on the humerus

Back 318

Pectoral

Front 319

_________ muscles run from the ribs and sternum and insert on the humerus

Back 319

Pectoral

Front 320

Large fan shaped muscle with broad origin on the thoracic spine and inserts onto the humerus

Back 320

Latissimus dorsi

Front 321

_________ muscles run from the ribs and sternum and insert on the humerus

Back 321

Pectoral

Front 322

Large fan shaped muscle with broad origin on the thoracic spine and inserts onto the humerus

Back 322

Latissimus dorsi

Front 323

Muscle that runs from the base of the skull to an insertion on the cranial aspect of the humerus

Back 323

Brachiocephalicus

Front 324

The ____________________ extends the shoulder joint and the ________________ flexes the shoulder joint

Back 324

Supraspinatus extends shoulder

Infraspinatus flexes the shoulder

Front 325

4 headed muscle with separate origins, that flexes the elbow joint

Back 325

Triceps brachii

Front 326

4 headed muscle with separate origins, that flexes the elbow joint

Back 326

Triceps brachii

Front 327

Origins and insertion of the triceps brachii are

Back 327

3 on the proximal humerus

1 on the scapula

All insert into the olecranon of the ulna

Front 328

Carpus and digits

Back 328

Carpal extensors originate on humerus, insert in the carpals

Digital extensors originate on humerus and insert on 3rd phalanx

2 carpal extensors- in front of lower limb and foot

2 carpal flexors - behind the carpus and foot

2 digital extensors - in front of the lower limb and foot

2 digital flexors- superficial (2nd phalanx) and deep (3rd phalanx)

Front 329

Muscles/ groups of hindlimb muscles

Back 329

Gluteals- superficial, middle and deep

Hamstring - biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Quadriceps femoris

Adductor muscles - pectineus, sartorius, gracilis

Front 330

Muscles / tendon of lower limb

Back 330

Gastrocnemius- extends hock and flexes the stifle

Achilles' tendon- includes tendons of insertion of gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and semitendinosus; has a bursa at the point of insertion on the calcaneus

Front 331

Muscles of hock and digits

Back 331

Anterior tibialis

3 digital extensors

2 digital flexors

Superficial digital flexor runs from femur to phalanges and is a component of Achilles' tendon

Front 332

Fused bones in the rabbit

Back 332

Fibula to tibia

Radius and ulna

Front 333

Gap in rabbits mouth between incisors and premolars

Back 333

Diastema

Front 334

Gap in rabbits mouth between incisors and premolars

Back 334

Diastema

Front 335

Name of second incisors in rabbit on upper jaw

Back 335

Peg teeth

Front 336

Gap in rabbits mouth between incisors and premolars

Back 336

Diastema

Front 337

Name of second incisors in rabbit on upper jaw

Back 337

Peg teeth

Front 338

Skeleton of rabbit only makes up ______ of body weight

Back 338

7-8%

Front 339

Rabbit scapula

Back 339

More sharply triangular

Has hook shaped suprahumate process on acromion

Front 340

Rabbit hip joint

Back 340

Comprises of ilium,ischium, and the is acetabuli (accessory bone)

Pubis is not involved

Front 341

Rabbit incisors only have enamel on

Back 341

The outer surface- wear down much slower than on the inner surface

Front 342

Malocclusion is

Back 342

Where the teeth are misaligned or there is an inappropriate diet, resulting in the teeth not wearing properly

Front 343

A snake Skull is described as

Back 343

Kinetic- the bones of the Jaw are loosely connected and the two halves of the Mandible are joined by an elastic ligament to allow wide separation

Front 344

A snake Skull is described as

Back 344

Kinetic- the bones of the Jaw are loosely connected and the two halves of the Mandible are joined by an elastic ligament to allow wide separation

Front 345

Number of snake vertebrae

Back 345

150-400 all with similar shape

Each gives off a pair of ribs which are fused to the vertebrae but not to the midline

There is no sternum

Front 346

Bones of the snake skull (4)

Back 346

Orbit

Cranium

Squamosal

Quadrate

Lower jaw

Front 347

The os penis is a ________ bone

Back 347

Splanchic

Front 348

THe primary centre of ossification happens in the

Back 348

Diaphysis

Front 349

Tears drain into the nose through the

Back 349

Lacrimal bone

Front 350

An example of a joint that is an amphiathrosis is

Back 350

Between the bodies of the vertebrae

Front 351

The mandible articulate with the temporal region of the skull by the

Back 351

Condylar process

Front 352

The mandible articulate with the temporal region of the skull by the

Back 352

Condylar process

Front 353

The thoracic vertebra articulates with the tubercle of the rib by the _____________ _____

Back 353

Transverse fossa

Front 354

Which part of the ulna is received by olecranon fossa during extension of the elbow ?

Back 354

Anconeal process

Front 355

Where do you find the medial malleolus ?

Back 355

The tibia

Front 356

How many short bones are there in the tarsus?

Back 356

7

Front 357

The __________ muscle inserts onto the coronoid process of the mandible

Back 357

Temporalis

Front 358

Extraocular muscles insert into the

Back 358

Sclera

Front 359

The thoracic duct passes through the _________ (opening in the diaphragm)

Back 359

Aortic hiatus

Front 360

The trapezius inserts into the _________ of the ________

Back 360

Spine of the scapula

Front 361

The patella sits in the tendon of insertion of which muscle ?

Back 361

Quadriceps femoris

Front 362

The anterior tibialis ________ the hock

Back 362

Flexes

Front 363

3 components of Achilles' tendon

Back 363

Gastrocnemius

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Front 364

Simple diffusion allows molecules that are soluble in - - - - - - to passively dissolve in the - - - - - part of the cell membrane and diffuse across it.

----- and - - - - - enter this way

Back 364

Lipids (fats)

Lipid

Oxygen and water

Front 365

Facilitated diffusion is another type of - - ---- diffusion where the substance is moving - - - - - a concentration gradient, but the substance enlists the help of a carrier - - - - —- to help it cross the membrane.

-------- uses this method to enter the cell

Back 365

Passive diffusion

Down a gradient

Carrier protein

Glucose

Front 366

Active transport mechanisms usually mean substances move from - - - to - - - - concentration and require - - - - - -

These use carrier - - - - - - to transfer them across, at a cost of - - - molecules

------- enters this way

Back 366

Low to high concentration

Require energy

Carrier proteins

ATP molecules

Sodium

Front 367

Cytoplasm fills the interior of the cell, providing - - - - - - - -

Found inside are (5):

Back 367

Support

5:

Nucleus

Organelles

Glucose

Proteins

Ions

Front 368

Nucleus contains - - - - - - - - - - which carry - - - which carry the information for - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Back 368

Chromosomes

DNA

Protein synthesis

Front 369

ATP energy conversion

Back 369

ATP has to lose a phosphate to become adenosine diphosphate and energy is released as this snaps off

Metabolism re attaches a phosphate molecule and the energy is stored again as ATP.

Front 370

Ribosomes float in cell cytoplasm and are the site for - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Back 370

Protein synthesis

Front 371

Rough endoplasmic reticulum has numerous - - - - - - - - - attached to the surface. Transports - - - - - - - that have been synthesised, some of which are not required in that cell, so are - - - - - - - outside the cell

Back 371

Ribosomes

Proteins

exported

Front 372

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not have - - - - - - - and its functions include synthesis and transport of - - - - - - - and - - - - - - - -

Back 372

Ribosomes

Lipids and Steroids

Front 373

Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened - - - - within the cytoplasm

Function includes modification of - - - - - (adding a - - - - - - - - - - - - - -) and helps to form - - - - - -

Back 373

Sac

Proteins

Carbohydrate

Lysosomes

Front 374

Lysosomes are membrane bound sacs that contain - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Digest materials taken in by the cell by - - - - - ---------

Also destroy worn out - - - - - - - - - - or even the cell itself

Back 374

Digestive enzymes

Phagocytosis

Organelles

Front 375

Nasal chamber is formed by the -------- and ---- bone

It is divided lengthways by the nasal -------- and the chambers are filled with nasal -------------- which are also known as ---------

Back 375

Maxilla and nasal bone

Septum

Nasal turbinates / conchae

Front 376

Spinal chord passes through the ------- -------- into the base of the skull at the -------- region. On either side are the ---------- --------which articulate with the ---- (first cervical vertebrae)

At the side are the ---------- --------- which are sites for muscle attachments

Back 376

Foramen magnum

Occipital region

Occipital condyles

Atlas

Jugular processes

Front 377

A tuberosity/trochanter/tubercle is a ------------- on bones which are usually for the attachment of -------

Back 377

Protuberance

Muscles

Front 378

A tuberosity/trochanter/tubercle is a ------------- on bones which are usually for the attachment of -------

Back 378

Protuberance

Muscles

Front 379

Trochlea are bony structures through/over which a -------- passes, usually in the ------- in the bone and allow them to act as --------

Back 379

Tendon

Groove

Pulley

Front 380

Condyle is a ----------- ---------- on a bone usually for ----------- with another bone

Back 380

Rounded projection

Articulation

Front 381

Epicondyle is a ------------ of bone on the -------- edge above its condyle

Back 381

Projection of bone

Lateral edge

Front 382

Foramen is an ---------- into or through a ---- , e.g. To allow the passage of -------- -------- and --------

Back 382

Opening

Bone

Blood vessels and nerves

Front 383

Fossa is a --------- or ----------- ---- on a bone

Back 383

Hollow or depressed area

Front 384

Tendon connects --------- to ----

Back 384

Muscle to bone

Front 385

Tendon connects --------- to ----

Back 385

Muscle to bone

Front 386

Ligament connects ---- to ----

Back 386

Bone to bone

Front 387

Temporal bone lies below the --------- bone on the ---------------- surface of the skull .

Most ventral part forms the ----------- ----- which houses the structures of the -------- --- with an opening into the ------- ----. This is called the -------- ---------- -------.

Back 387

Below the Parietal bone

Caudolateral

Tympanic bulla

Middle ear

Tympanic bulla

External auditory meatus

Front 388

Mandible / lower jaw comprises 2 halves or ----------- joined together at the ---- by a cartilaginous joint called the ----------- --------

The horizontal part is called the ---- which carries the ------- for the teeth of the lower jaw. The vertical part is called the ----- which articulates with with the rest of the skull at the ---------------- joint via the --------- process.

The rounded coronoid process projects into the ----------- fossa is the point where the --------- muscle attaches.

Back 388

2 halves are Dentaries

Joined at chin

Mandibular symphysis

Body

Carries the alveoli for the teeth

Ramus

Temporomandibular joint

Condylar process

Temporal fossa

Temporalis muscle

Front 389

The nuchal ligament attaches to the ------ processes and extends from the ---- to the first --------- vertebrae

Back 389

Spinous processes

Axis to first thoracic vertebrae

Front 390

The ---- or ------- process fits into the vertebral foramen of the ---- which serves as a pivot around which it can be rotated .

The remaining cervical vertebrae get progressively ---------- as they approach the junction with the ---------- vertebrae

Back 390

Dens / odontoid process

Atlas

Smaller

Thoracic vertebrae

Front 391

Distinguishing feature of thoracic vertebrae is tall --------- --------- and ----- ------

They are articulate with ribs at 2points:

the ----- fovea which forms a ---------- joint with the ---- of the rib, and the ------------ fovea which forms the same with the --------- of the rib

Back 391

Tall spinous processes

Short bodies

Costal fovea forms a synovial joint with the head of the rib

Transverse fovea forms a synovial joint with the tubercle of the rib

Height of spinous processes decreases as it progresses towards lumbar region

Front 392

Lumbar vertebrae have ------ bodies and long -------- processes angled ---------------- to which the lumbar muscles attach

Back 392

Large bodies

Long Transverse processes

Cranioventrally

Front 393

Sacral vertebrae are - vertebrae fused together to form the ------ in the dog and cat

This forms a --------------- joint with the wing of the ------ of the pelvic girdle, called the -------------- joint

Back 393

3 vertebrae fused together

Form the sacrum

Fibrosynovial joint

Wing of the ileum

Sacroiliac joint

Front 394

3 types of joints

Back 394

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Front 395

Synovial joints are also known as

Back 395

Diarthroses

Front 396

Some synovial joints possess one or more intra-articular fibro-cartilaginous discs or --------- within the joint cavity

Two are Found in the ------ joint (crescent shaped)

1 in ------------------ joint between mandible and skull

Act as ------ --------- reducing wear and tear

Back 396

Menisci

Stifle joint

Temporomandibular

Shock absorbers

Front 397

5 types of synovial joint

Back 397

Plane/gliding

Hinge

Pivot

Condylar

Ball and socket

Front 398

Example of plane gliding joint

Back 398

Joints between rows or carpal and tarsal bones

Front 399

Example of plane gliding joint

Back 399

Joints between rows or carpal and tarsal bones

Front 400

Example of hinge joint

Back 400

Elbow ,stifle

Front 401

Example of pivot joint

Back 401

Atlantoaxial joint (c1 and c2)

Front 402

Example of condylar joint

Back 402

Hock (or tarsus)

Front 403

Example of condylar joint

Back 403

Hock (or tarsus)

Front 404

Example of ball and socket joint

Back 404

Hip, shoulder

Front 405

Striated muscle fibre is filled with myofibrils made of 2 contractile proteins ----- and -------

Muscle contraction results from the formation of ----- --------- between those molecules

Back 405

Actin and myosin

Cross bridges

Front 406

Number of muscle fibres supplied by a single nerve fibre is called a ------ ----

Back 406

Motor unit

Front 407

Muscle tissue is always under a degree of tension known as

Back 407

Muscle tone

Front 408

Extrinsic muscles are attached from one major structure to another such as a limb and bring about movement of the ------ ---- in relation to other body parts

Back 408

Whole limb

Front 409

Intrinsic muscles are attached at ---- ---- within the one structure .

Bring about movement ------- the individual limb

Back 409

Both ends

Within

Front 410

Overlapping muscle fibres appear as dark bands or ----------- which are known as --------

Back 410

Striations

Sarcomeres

Front 411

Sarcomeres are units of -----------

Back 411

Contraction

Front 412

Cross bridges between actin and myosin act as a --------- --------- and ------ the muscle

Back 412

Ratchet mechanism

Shorten the muscle (contraction)

Front 413

Cross bridges between actin and myosin act as a --------- --------- and ------ the muscle

Back 413

Ratchet mechanism

Shorten the muscle (contraction)

Front 414

Muscle contractions require energy , provided by --- molecules and ------- ions

Back 414

ATP

calcium

Front 415

Muscle tone is achieved by a proportion of the motor units within that muscle being --------- so that some of the muscle fibres are ---------- while others are ----------

Back 415

Activated

Contracting

Relaxed

Front 416

Muscle starting point is it's -------- and its end point is it's --------

Back 416

Origin

Insertion

Front 417

A bursa is a ----------- ----- --- lined with ---------- ------- and filled with -------- -----

Back 417

Connective tissue sac

Synovial membrane

Synovial fluid

Front 418

A bursa wrapped completely around a tendon is called a -------- or --------- sheath

Back 418

Synovial / tendon sheath

Front 419

Muscles of mastication are (4)

Back 419

Digastricus

Masseter

Temporalis

Medial and lateral pterygoids

Front 420

Most superficial abdominal muscles are --------- -------- --------

Back 420

External abdominal obliques

Front 421

Intermediate muscles of lateral abdominal wall are ------- ------- -------

Back 421

Internal abdominal oblique

Front 422

Deepest lateral abdominal muscles are --------- -------- ---------

Back 422

Transverse abdominal obliques

Front 423

The broad band of muscle on each side of the linea alba that forms the floor of the abdomen is the ------- --------

Back 423

Rectus abdominus

Front 424

The inguinal ring is a slit in the ------------ of the -------- --------- ------- muscle in the region of the groin, which allows passage of------ -------- from the abdomen to the -------- -------- and ---------- ------- and transmits the --------- ----- to the scrotum

Back 424

Aponeurosis

External abdominal oblique muscle

Blood vessels

External genitalia

Mammary glands

Spermatic chord

Front 425

Example of ungulates

Back 425

Cows, sheep, horses

Front 426

Latin for cat and dog

Back 426

Cat: felis catus

Dog: Canis familiaris

Front 427

Lysosomes are sacs that contain ---------- --------

Function is to ------ particles taken in by -------------- and destroy worn out -------------

Back 427

Digestive enzymes

Digest particles

Phagocytosis

Organelles

Front 428

Centrosome contains rod like structures called ----------- which lie at right angles to each other and are involved in ---- -----------

Back 428

Centrioles

Cell division

Front 429

Mitosis is the division of -------- cells by a process called ------- -----

Back 429

Somatic cells

Binary fission

Front 430

Before a cell can divide it must make a copy of its ---

The normal number of chromosomes is called the ------- number and before the division takes place the cells are ------------

Back 430

DNA

Diploid number

Duplicated

Front 431

Rest phase and duplication of mitosis is

Back 431

Interphase

Front 432

Nuclear membrane breaks down in mitosis in --------- when the chromosomes contract and become shorter and fatter

Back 432

Prophase

Front 433

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in -------- when the chromatids draw apart at the --------

Back 433

Metaphase

Centromere

Front 434

Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibres and move to opposite piles of the cell in

Back 434

Anaphase

Front 435

Spindle fibres break down and the nuclear membrane reforms in ---------. This creates - daughter cells (mitosis)

The cell then returns to ---------

Back 435

Telophase

2 daughter cells

Returns to Interphase

Front 436

Meiosis is the process where ---- cells divide within the ------- and the -----

This results in the production of these containing ---- the number of chromosomes which is the ------- number

This must occur before ----------------

Back 436

Germ cells

Half

Haploid number

Before fertilisation

Front 437

Meiosis results in - identical daughter cells each of which is --- ----------- to the parent cell

Back 437

4

Non identical

Front 438

Organic compounds contain ------ but inorganic compounds do not.

Back 438

Carbon

Front 439

Plasma takes up about -% of body weight

Back 439

5%

Front 440

Transcellular fluid is formed by active ------- --------- and its volume varies, but it is considered to take up about -% of body weight and includes ---, digestive juices and -------active

Back 440

secretory mechanisms

1% body weight

CSF digestive juices and lymph

Front 441

Interstitial fluid is formed by a process of ----------------- where smaller molecules and ions are separated from bigger ones

The walls of the capillaries act like a ----- holding back the ------ plasma proteins and cellular components

Back 441

Ultrafiltration

Sieve

Large plasma proteins

Front 442

A reduction in circulating blood volume is also known as -------------- shock

Back 442

Hypovolaemic

Front 443

Typical daily water loss in urine is --ml/kg

Back 443

20ml/kg

Front 444

Daily water loss in faeces in -----ml/kg

Back 444

10-20ml/kg

Front 445

To balance daily fluid loss an adult healthy animal should take in ----- ml/kg per day

Back 445

50-60ml/kg

Front 446

A molecule is two or more atoms linked by a --------- ----

Back 446

Chemical bond

Front 447

A substance whose molecules contain more than one type of atom is called a -------

Back 447

Compound

Front 448

An electrolyte is a chemical substance that when dissolved in ----- splits into ---- and is capable of conducting an ------------- ---------

Back 448

Water

Ions

Electric current

Front 449

Aerobic respiration takes place in the

Back 449

Mitochondria

Front 450

Aerobic respiration takes place in the

Back 450

Mitochondria

Front 451

With a light microscope it is possible to observe

Back 451

Living organisms

Front 452

Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains

Back 452

Ribosomes

Front 453

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for

Back 453

Protein modification

Front 454

A light microscope measures a specimen in

Back 454

Micrometers

Front 455

The part of the plasma membrane involved in cell recognition is

Back 455

Glycoproteins

Front 456

An example of a typical prokaryote is

Back 456

A bacteria cell

Front 457

Protein microtubules are found in

Back 457

Centrioles

Front 458

Proteins are synthesised in the

Back 458

Ribosomes

Front 459

Water moving from low concentration to high concentration is

Back 459

Osmosis

Front 460

During active transport particles move -------- a concentration gradient and -------- is used

Back 460

Against a gradient

Energy is used

Front 461

Glucose crosses cell membranes through protein channels in a process called

Back 461

Facilitated diffusion

Front 462

The rate of diffusion increases as the ----------- increases

Back 462

Temperature

Front 463

When a red blood cell is placed in pure water it

Back 463

Bursts

Front 464

The water potential of pure water is

Back 464

0

Front 465

Diffusion is when particles move to an area of ----------- concentration

Back 465

Lower

Front 466

An intracellular sodium potassium pimp is an example of

Back 466

Active transport

Front 467

An example of regular sense fibrous connective tissue is

Back 467

Tendon

Front 468

An example of regular sense fibrous connective tissue is

Back 468

Tendon

Front 469

Nervous tissue consists of two types of cell- Neurones and the surrounding ------cells

Back 469

Glial

Front 470

Skeletal muscle consists of fibres with many nuclei. This arrangement is sometimes referred to as

Back 470

A syncitium

Front 471

Skeletal muscle consists of fibres with many nuclei. This arrangement is sometimes referred to as

Back 471

A syncitium

Front 472

Areolar,adipose and reticular tissue are all types of

Back 472

Loose connective tissue

Front 473

Skeletal muscle consists of fibres with many nuclei. This arrangement is sometimes referred to as

Back 473

A syncitium

Front 474

Areolar,adipose and reticular tissue are all types of

Back 474

Loose connective tissue

Front 475

Ciliated columnar epithelium can be found in the

Back 475

Respiratory tract

Front 476

Skeletal muscle consists of fibres with many nuclei. This arrangement is sometimes referred to as

Back 476

A syncitium

Front 477

Areolar,adipose and reticular tissue are all types of

Back 477

Loose connective tissue

Front 478

Ciliated columnar epithelium can be found in the

Back 478

Respiratory tract

Front 479

Haversian canal system is found in

Back 479

Bone

Front 480

Skeletal muscle consists of fibres with many nuclei. This arrangement is sometimes referred to as

Back 480

A syncitium

Front 481

Areolar,adipose and reticular tissue are all types of

Back 481

Loose connective tissue

Front 482

Ciliated columnar epithelium can be found in the

Back 482

Respiratory tract

Front 483

Haversian canal system is found in

Back 483

Bone

Front 484

Protein found in muscle fibres essential for contraction is

Back 484

Myosin

Front 485

Skeletal muscle consists of fibres with many nuclei. This arrangement is sometimes referred to as

Back 485

A syncitium

Front 486

Areolar,adipose and reticular tissue are all types of

Back 486

Loose connective tissue

Front 487

Ciliated columnar epithelium can be found in the

Back 487

Respiratory tract

Front 488

Haversian canal system is found in

Back 488

Bone

Front 489

Protein found in muscle fibres essential for contraction is

Back 489

Myosin

Front 490

Cells of a similar type and function combined in sheet or layers are known as

Back 490

A tissue

Front 491

Skeletal muscle consists of fibres with many nuclei. This arrangement is sometimes referred to as

Back 491

A syncitium

Front 492

Areolar,adipose and reticular tissue are all types of

Back 492

Loose connective tissue

Front 493

Ciliated columnar epithelium can be found in the

Back 493

Respiratory tract

Front 494

Haversian canal system is found in

Back 494

Bone

Front 495

Protein found in muscle fibres essential for contraction is

Back 495

Myosin

Front 496

Cells of a similar type and function combined in sheet or layers are known as

Back 496

A tissue

Front 497

Specialised cells lining the small intestine are adapted by having

Back 497

Villi to create a larger surface area

Front 498

Skin is made of

Back 498

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 499

Skin is made of

Back 499

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 500

The anal glands of a dog are modified ----------- glands

Back 500

Sebaceous

Front 501

The number of pairs of mammary glands on dog and cat are

Back 501

Dog 8

Cat 10

Front 502

Phase of hair cycle when follicle begins to atrophy

Back 502

Catagen

Front 503

Gland that produces sebum

Back 503

Sebaceous

Front 504

Gland that produces sebum

Back 504

Sebaceous

Front 505

Structure responsible for supplying the growing hair with nutrients is the -------- ---------

Back 505

Dermal papilla

Front 506

Gland that produces sebum

Back 506

Sebaceous

Front 507

Structure responsible for supplying the growing hair with nutrients is the -------- ---------

Back 507

Dermal papilla

Front 508

Long thick hairs with sensory nerve endings are known as -------- hairs

Back 508

Tactile

Front 509

Gland that produces sebum

Back 509

Sebaceous

Front 510

Structure responsible for supplying the growing hair with nutrients is the -------- ---------

Back 510

Dermal papilla

Front 511

Long thick hairs with sensory nerve endings are known as -------- hairs

Back 511

Tactile

Front 512

Claws of a cat are composed of ------------ epidermis

Back 512

Keratinised

Front 513

The --------- connects the dermis to the underlying structures

Back 513

Subcutis

Front 514

Tendon connects

Back 514

Muscle to bone

Front 515

Muscle that helps to open the jaw is

Back 515

Digastricus

Front 516

Muscle that helps to open the jaw is

Back 516

Digastricus

Front 517

A muscle that helps to close the jaw is

Back 517

Masseter

Front 518

Muscle that decreases the angle between two bones is

Back 518

A flexor

Front 519

Muscle that decreases the angle between two bones is

Back 519

A flexor

Front 520

Ventral rectus muscles move the

Back 520

Eye

Front 521

Muscle that decreases the angle between two bones is

Back 521

A flexor

Front 522

Ventral rectus muscles move the

Back 522

Eye

Front 523

If the Achilles' tendon is torn the animal loses its ability to ------- the hock

Back 523

Extend

Front 524

The clavicle lies with the the ------------------- muscle

Back 524

Brachiocephalicus muscle

Front 525

The clavicle lies with the the ------------------- muscle

Back 525

Brachiocephalicus muscle

Front 526

The ---------------- muscle is responsible for extending the shoulder

Back 526

Supraspinatus

Front 527

Contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle produces ---------- of the stifle

Back 527

Extension

Front 528

Contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle produces ---------- of the stifle

Back 528

Extension

Front 529

The muscle that most completely covers the dorsolateral surface of the femur is the

Back 529

Biceps femoris

Front 530

The muscle which extends the shoulder joint is the

Back 530

Semitendinosus

Front 531

The muscle which extends the shoulder joint is the

Back 531

Semitendinosus

Front 532

The primary action of the triceps brachii is to ------- the elbow

Back 532

Extend

Front 533

The muscle which extends the shoulder joint is the

Back 533

Semitendinosus

Front 534

The primary action of the triceps brachii is to ------- the elbow

Back 534

Extend

Front 535

Groups of muscles known as hamstrings are (3)

Back 535

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Front 536

Aortic hiatus is found in the

Back 536

Diaphragm

Front 537

The vagal nerve passes through the diaphragm at the

Back 537

Oesophageal hiatus

Front 538

The vagal nerve passes through the diaphragm at the

Back 538

Oesophageal hiatus

Front 539

The Achilles' tendon inserts into the

Back 539

Calcaneus

Front 540

The vagal nerve passes through the diaphragm at the

Back 540

Oesophageal hiatus

Front 541

The Achilles' tendon inserts into the

Back 541

Calcaneus

Front 542

Layer of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis is known as the

Back 542

Growth plate

Front 543

Insertion of the temporal muscle is on the ---------- side of the ---------- process

Back 543

Medial side

Coronoid process

Front 544

Insertion of the temporal muscle is on the ---------- side of the ---------- process

Back 544

Medial side

Coronoid process

Front 545

Masseter muscle originates at the ---------- ----

Back 545

Zygomatic arch

Front 546

The tuberculum of the rib articulates with the ----------- process of the vertebrae

Back 546

Transverse

Front 547

The tuberculum of the rib articulates with the ----------- process of the vertebrae

Back 547

Transverse

Front 548

The joint st the mandibular symphysis is ------------

Back 548

Cartilagenous

Front 549

The greater trochanter is at the ----------- --- of the femur

Back 549

Proximal end

Front 550

The head of the femur sits in the

Back 550

Acetabulum

Front 551

The head of the femur sits in the

Back 551

Acetabulum

Front 552

Hyaluronic acid is found in ---------joints

Back 552

Synovial

Front 553

The head of the femur sits in the

Back 553

Acetabulum

Front 554

Hyaluronic acid is found in ---------joints

Back 554

Synovial

Front 555

Example of a condylar joint is the ------

Back 555

Carpus

Front 556

The head of the femur sits in the

Back 556

Acetabulum

Front 557

Hyaluronic acid is found in ---------joints

Back 557

Synovial

Front 558

Example of a condylar joint is the ------

Back 558

Carpus

Front 559

The temporal bone forms a joint with the -------- process

Back 559

Condylar process

Front 560

The joints between the sternebrae are ---------------------

Back 560

Cartliagenous

Front 561

The joints between the sternebrae are ---------------------

Back 561

Cartliagenous

Front 562

The elbow joint is classed as a ------ joint

Back 562

Hinge

Front 563

In the dog there are -sternebrae

Back 563

8

Front 564

Forelimb muscles / flexor / extensor

ECR

CDE

LDE

FUL

FCL

Back 564

Extensor carpi radialis

Common digital extensor

Lateral digital extensor

Flexor ulnaris lateralis

Flexor carpi ulnaris