Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a syncytium?
|
A single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei
|
|
|
'A single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei' defines...
|
A syncytium
|
|
|
What is the difference between a channel and a carrier? Give an example of each
|
A channel forms a continuous water-filled passage from one side of the cell membrane to the other (e.g. potassium channel)
A carrier switches between a form that is pen on one side and a form that is open to the other (e.g. glucose carrier) |
|
|
What is a glial cell? Give an example
|
A type of cell, in the nervous system, that provides support for the neurons. A Schwann cell would be an example
|
|
|
A type of cell, in the nervous system, that provides support for the neurons. A Schwann cell would be an example
|
A glial cell
|
|
|
What is an ionotropic receptor? Give an example
|
A type of receptor that, upon binding of an agonist to its extracellular aspect, opens to allow movement of ions
E.g. Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor |
|
|
What is a metabotropic receptor? Give an example.
|
A cell surface receptor that, upon binding of an agonist to its extracellular aspect, activates an enzyme whose catalytic cyte faces the cytosol
E.g. = Insulin receptor and beta adrenergic receptor |
|
|
What is the 'equilibrium potential'?
|
In a single-ion system, the membrane potential at which there is no net (overall) flow of that particular ion from one side of the membrane to the other.
|
|
|
In a single-ion system, the membrane potential at which there is no net (overall) flow of that particular ion from one side of the membrane to the other.
|
The equilibrium potential
|
|
|
A type of receptor that, upon binding of an agonist to its extracellular aspect, opens to allow movement of ions
E.g. Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor |
An ionotropic receptor
|
|
|
A cell surface receptor that, upon binding of an agonist to its extracellular aspect, activates an enzyme whose catalytic site faces the cytosol
E.g. = Insulin receptor and beta adrenergic receptor |
A metabotropic receptor
|
|
|
What factors affect the equilibrium potential?
|
The concentration force tending to push ions out, and the electrochemical force tending to keep ions in
|
|
|
What is the 'membrane potential'? What is its shorthand?
|
The difference in voltage (or electrical potential difference) between the interior and exterior of a cell
Vm |
|
|
The difference in voltage (or electrical potential difference) between the interior and exterior of a cell
Vm |
The membrane potential
|
|
|
State the different devisions of muscle from largest to smallest
|
Muscle
Fascicle Muscle fibre (a cell) Myofibril (Organelle made up of sarcomeres) |
|
|
State the different divisions of muscle from smallest to largest
|
Myofibril (Organelle made up of sarcomeres)
Muscle fibre (a cell) Fascicle Muscle |
|
|
What is Nifedipine and what does it do?
|
A dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (i.e. it is a calcium antagonist) and is used as a coronary vasodilator in the treatment of cardiac and circulatory disorders
|
|
|
A dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (i.e. it is a calcium antagonist) and is used as a coronary vasodilator in the treatment of cardiac and circulatory disorders
|
Nifedipine
|
|
|
What is excitation-contraction coupling?
|
A term used describe the physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response
|
|
|
A term used describe the physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response
|
Excitation-contraction coupling
|
|
|
What's an end-plate potential?
|
The depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction
|
|
|
The depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction
|
End-plate potential
|
|
|
The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a myocyte T/F
|
T
|
|
|
What is calsequestrin?
|
A calcium-binding protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The protein helps hold calcium in the cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum after a muscle contraction, even though the concentration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is much higher than in the cytosol.
|
|
|
A calcium-binding protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The protein helps hold calcium in the cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum after a muscle contraction, even though the concentration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is much higher than in the cytosol.
|
Calsequestrin
|
|
|
What is 'TnC'?
|
Part of the troponin complex. It contains four calcium-binding EF hands
It binds to calcium ions to produce a conformational change in TnI (exposing the myosin-binding site) |
|
|
Part of the troponin complex. It contains four calcium-binding EF hands
It binds to calcium ions to produce a conformational change in TnI (exposing the myosin-binding site) |
TnC
|
|
|
What is troponin?
|
A complex of three regulatory proteins that is integral to muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle.
|
|
|
A complex of three regulatory proteins that is integral to muscle contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle.
|
Troponin
|
|
|
What is SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase)?
|
A Ca2+ ATPase that transfers Ca2+ from the cytosol of the cell to the lumen of the SR at the expense of ATP hydrolysis during muscle relaxation.
|
|
|
A Ca2+ ATPase that transfers Ca2+ from the cytosol of the cell to the lumen of the SR at the expense of ATP hydrolysis during muscle relaxation.
|
SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase)
|
|
|
What are the five main lobes of the brain?
|
Frontal
Parietal Occiptal Temproal Insula |
|
|
Where is a dorsal root ganglion? What is it also known as? What does it contain?
|
AKA Spinal ganglion
Carries sensory (afferent) nerves ('Drs') It is a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurones in afferent spinal nerves |
|
|
What are oligodendrocytes?
|
Glial cells concerned with the production of myelin in the central nervous system (i.e. they perform the function of Schwann cells, except in the CNS)
|
|
|
Glial cells concerned with the production of myelin in the central nervous system (i.e. they perform the function of Schwann cells, except in the CNS)
|
Oligodendrocytes
|
|
|
AKA Spinal ganglion
Carries sensory (afferent) nerves ('Drs') It is a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurones in afferent spinal nerves |
Dorsal root ganglion
|
|
|
What sort of axons run through dorsal roots?
|
Sensory/afferent spinal nerves ('SAD')
|
|
|
Sensory/afferent nerve fibres have their cells of origin in a ganglion that lies inside/outside of the CNS
|
Outside
|
|
|
What sort of axons run through the ventral roots?
|
Motor/efferent spinal nerves ('MEV' (c.f. 'SAD' of dorsal roots))
|
|
|
Sensory/afferent nerves are those that 'exit' the spinal cord T/F
|
F - they are entering the spinal cord. Efferent/motor nerves exit it.
|
|
|
Where, specifically do the cell bodies of motor/efferent nerves lie?
|
In the anterior columns of grey matter (within the CNS)
|
|
|
Between which vertebra is the sympathetic outflow?
|
T1 - L2
|
|
|
Between which vertebra is the parasympathetic outflow?
|
Parasympathetic outflow from the neuraxis is from the cranial or sacral regions ONLY
Said to have a 'craniosacral' outflow (CN III, VII, IX) |
|
|
Which cranial nerves are parasympathetic (and hence, autonomic)?
|
CN III, VII and IX (?X)
|
|
|
How is the sympathetic chain connected to the spinal cord?
|
Via grey and white rami communicantes
|
|
|
What do white rami communicantes contain?
|
Myelinated preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres
|
|
|
What do grey rami communicantes contain?
|
Unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres
|
|
|
What kind of muscle do somatic motor nerves supply?
|
Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
|
|
|
Which dermatome supplies the umbilicus?
|
T10
|
