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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What stimulates chemoreceptors?
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Changes in Oxygen, CO2, and Ph
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What are inhaled anticholinergics?
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Used for severe asthma attacks; Ipratropium |
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What is percutaneous transtracheal intubation?
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Needle Cric |
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What is Terbutaline? |
A fast acting bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma |
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What are the changes in your blood gas when you hyperventilate? |
CO2 levels decrease, increased alveolar Pa02 |
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What is the primary danger to an infant during a precipitous delivery? |
cerebral trauma |
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Chronotrope vs. Inotrope |
Chronotrope changes heart rate, and inotrope changes the strength of cardiac contraction |
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What blood vessel supplies the SA and AV node? |
The right coronary artery |
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What is a fusion beat? |
This occurs when electrical impulses from different sources act upon the same region of the heart at the same time |
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What is the electrical axis of the heart? |
It is the mean direction of the action potentials traveling through the ventricles during depolarization |
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When does a Type II AV block have a serious prognosis? |
When the block is below the AV node in the Bundle of His |
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The layer of skin that contains nerve endings is the ____ |
The dermis |
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Water accounts for what percentage of total body weight? |
60% |
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The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane is called ______ |
osmotic gradient |
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As the thoracic cavity begins to expand, the intrathoracic pressure will _____ |
become greater than the atmospheric pressure |
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Physiologically, the term respiration refers to: |
Respiration refers to the exchanges of gases; Ventilation refers to the inhalation and exhalation |
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When swallowing, the structure that occludes the tracheal opening to prevent aspiration of food and liquids is the_____ |
Epiglottis |
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The relative shortness of the _______ in females and it's proximity to the vaginal canal enable bacteria to enter the bladder easily. |
urethra |
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The trachea divides into the right and left mainstem bronchi at the _______ |
carina |
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What is the purpose of the cervical spine? |
To support the head |
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The largest portion of the brain, which provides for consciousness and higher mental functions is the _____ |
Cerebrum |
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Minute volume is best described as: |
Tidal volume x respiration rate |
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The skeletal muscles that provide for voluntary movement are controlled by the________ |
the somatic nervous system |
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The release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine results in: |
A negative chronotropic effect |
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An increase in carbon dioxide production will trigger an increase in_____ |
respiratory rate to combat the metabolic acidosis |
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The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment is called______ |
Respiration |
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Which type of cellular adaptation is a great cause of concern because it involves a change in the size or shape of the cell and is closely linked to the development of cancer? |
Dysplasia |
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The most common form of cellular injury is: |
Hypoxia |
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What is the normal blood pH? |
7.35-7.45 |
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An abnormal deficiency in the concentration of oxygen in the blood is _________ |
Hypoxemia |
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What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia? |
Hypoxemia is an abnormally low concentration of oxygen in the blood, which can lead to hypoxia, a low concentration of oxygen in the tissues. |
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List at least three indications for a cric |
1.Facial trauma 2. C-spine precautions in a patient who needs to be intubated but you are unable to get the intubation due to the precautions 3.Complete upper airway obstruction 4. Patient in respiratory arrest in which oral or nasal intubation would be impossible |
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What is the leading cause of airway obstruction in an unresponsive patient and how do you attempt to fix it? |
Their tongue- reposition the airway by doing either a head-tilt chin -lift or jaw thrust. |
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Which lung sound is associated with fluid accumulating in the smaller airway passages, heard on inspiration? |
Crackles/Rales |
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Which lung sound is associated with congestion in the larger airway passages? |
Rhonchi (Rhonchi go with Bronchi) |
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List at least three indications for endotracheal intubation |
Hypoxia even with a BVM, patient is unable to maintain their own airway, present or impending respiratory obstructions (asthma, burns, etc.) and when prolonged ventilatory support is required |
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What are three indications for CPAP? |
Pulmonary edema, COPD, near-drownings, pneumonia, and CHF |
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When performing a cricothyrotomy, what membrane will you be going through? |
The cricothyroid membrane |
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When performing a cricothyrotomy, what landmarks are you looking for? |
The thyroid cartilage and the cricothyroid cartilage |
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What are Biot's respirations? |
Irregular respirations that vary in rate and depth, interrupted by periods of apnea. Associated with head trauma, increased ICP, and respiratory compromise from drug poisoning |
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What is atelectasis? |
Alveoli collapse on themselves and close, making gas exchange difficult. |
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Cheyne-Stokes Respirations |
A pattern of gradually increasing rate and depth of breathing that tapers to slower and shallower breathing with a period of apnea caused by damage to respiratory centers, being at a high altitude, and in some newborns. |
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Kussmaul respirations |
Deep, gasping respirations indicative of DKA |
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Describe PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure) |
This is the amount of pressure above atmospheric pressure present in the airway at the end of the expiratory cycle |
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Why do patients with emphysema breathe with pursed lips? |
They are attempting to peep themselves by creating a bigger pressure gradient than normal, in order to stent open their alveoli |
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What is the peak expiratory flow? |
The greatest rate of airflow that can be achieved during forced expiration beginning with the lungs fully inflated |
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What is a normal tidal volume? |
500-700 mL |
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What is the vallecula? |
The depression or pocket between the base of the tongue and epiglottis |
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Name three URIs that can require medical treatment? |
Epiglottitis, Croup, Bacterial Tracheitis |
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Management of a tracheostomy patient? |
If a tracheostomy patient calls for dyspnea, they usually benefit from oxygen. If needed, you can use a BVM to bag them as you transport. If they have displaced the tracheostomy or pulled it out completely, you should transport, and allow the ER to put it back in. |
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What are the clinical findings of a pneumothorax? |
Decreased or absent breath sounds on the affected side, cyanosis, chest pain/ pleuritic pain, JVD, tracheal deviation |
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What are the clinical signs of pneumonia? |
Fever, general unwell feeling, dyspnea, crackles in the lower lobe(s) of the lungs, chills, productive cough with green sputum |
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What can we do for patient with a COPD exaccerbation? |
Put them on high flow O2 or CPAP, give albuterol and ipratropium nebs |
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Is croup viral or bacterial? |
Viral- treat with cool mist and racemic epi |
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What is Hamman's sign? |
A crunching sound heard if there is air in the mediastinum |
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Define Anasarca |
Generalized body edema |
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How is Angina pectoris different than an MI? |
Angina chest pain can be relieved by resting or nitroglycerine, and occurs for a shorter amount of time. |
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Bob begins feeling chest pain while mowing the lawn. When you arrive, he states that he has a nitro prescription for angina but that it did not help like it normally does. What kind of angina is this? |
Unstable- it is different than his baseline |
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What three syndromes does ACS consist of? |
NSTEMI, STEMI, and unstable angina |
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Can cells be stimulated during the absolute refractory period? |
No, no matter how strong the stimulus |
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Define Arteriosclerosis |
A chronic thickening and hardening of the blood vessel walls |
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Atherosclerosis |
A type of Arteriosclerosis in which the thickening and hardening of the vessel walls that is caused by a build up of fatty deposits |
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Which are the augmented limb leads? |
avR, avL, avF |
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What part of the heart do leads II, III, and avF look at? |
Inferior |
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What leads look at the septal part of the heart? |
V1, V2 |
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What leads look at the lateral part of the heart? |
I, avL, V5, V6 |
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How do you treat a patient in V-tach who is complaining of chest pain but still awake and alert? |
Synchronized cardioversion at 100J (Wide and regular) |
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You arrive to find a 50 year old female who had a syncopal episode. You attach her to the monitor and see a second degree type 1 heart block at a rate of 40. Her BP is 80/50. How will you treat her? |
Due to the bradycardia causing hypotension, she is unstable. The algorithm states to give Atropine, but not to delay transcutaneous pacing. Also consider sedation for the pacing. |
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What are the Hs and Ts? |
-Hypovolemia -Hypoxia -H+s (acidosis) -Hyper/hypokalemia -Hypthermia
-Thromus, coronary or pulmonary -Toxins -Tamponade, cardiac -Tension pneumo |
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List the doses for synchronized cardioversion: |
Narrow and regular: 50-100J Narrow and irregular: 120-200J Wide and regular: 100J Wide and irregular: defib dose |
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What cardiac arrest rhythms can you give amiodarone for? |
pulseless V tach and V fib |
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What are the doses of an epi drip and a dopamine drip? |
Epi:5-10mcg/min Dopamine: 5-10 mcg/kg/min |
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What is pulsus alternans? |
A beat to beat difference in the strength of a pulse- best felt at the femoral pulse. Can be a sign of severe ventricular failure. |
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Electrical alternans |
A beat to beat change in the waveform amplitude on the ECG |
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Pulsus paradoxus |
Occurs when the systolic BP falls more than 10 mmHg with inspiration. |
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What is a normal pulse pressure? |
30-40 mmHg |
