Review Anatomy & Physiology Chemical Principles Fill In The Blanks

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CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ASSOCIATED WITH LIVING THINGS ARE KNOWN AS

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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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ALL MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE IS COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE

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ELEMENTS

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Na IS THE ABBREVIATION FOR

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SODIUM

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ATOMS CONSIST OF NEUTRAL PARTICLES CALLED NEUTRONS AND POSITVELY CHARGED PARTICLES CALLED

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PROTRONS

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THE NUMBER OF PROTRONS FOUND IN AN ATOM IS REFERRED TO AS ITS

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ATOMIC NUMBER

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ATOMS ARE MOST STABLE WHEN THEIR OUTER SHELL IS FILLED WITH EITHER TWO ELECTRONS OR

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EIGHT ELECTRONS

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A REACTION THAT RESULTS IN THE GAN OF ELECTRONS BY ONE OF THE PARTICIPANTS IS CALLED A(N)

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REDUCTION

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AN ION IS AN ATOM THAT HAS LOST OR GAINED ONE OR MORE ELECTRONS AND HAS ACQUIRED A(N)

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ELECTRICAL CHARGE

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PRECISE ARRANGEMENTS OF ATOMS DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT ELEMENTS CONSTITUTE A(N)

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MOLECULE

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THE COMPOUND GLUCOSE IS COMPOSED OF ATOMS OF OXYGEN HYDROGEN, AND

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CARBON

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THE SUM OF THE ATOMIC MASSES OF THE ATOMS IN A MOLECULE IS EXPRESSED AS THE

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MOLECULAR MASS

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WHEN THE ELECTRONS OF ONE ATOM ARE TRANSFERRED TO A SECOND ATOM, TWO IONS FORM, AND WHEN THEY ARE ATTRACTED TO ONE ANOTHER, THE RESULT IS A BOND CALLED A(N)

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IONIC BOND

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METHANE IS AN EXAMPLE OF A COMPOUND FORMED AS A RESULT OF

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COVALENT

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THE REASON THAT CARBON ENTERS INTO INNUMERABLE CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS IS THAT ITS OUTER ELECTRON SHELL HAS ELECTRONS NUMBERING

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FOUR

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ONE EXAMPLE OF A COMPOUND RESULTING FROM IONIC BONDING IS TABLE SALT OR

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SODIUM CHLORIDE

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WHEN PLACED IN WATER, AN ACID IS A CHEMICAL COMPOUND THAT RELEASES

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HYDROGEN ATOMS

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SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE ARE BOTH EXAMPLES OF SUBSTANCES CALLED

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BASES

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CARBOHYDRATES SERVE THE HUMAN BODY AS STRUCTURAL MATERIAL AND AS SOURCES OF

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ENERGY

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ALL CARBOHYDRATE MOLECULES ARE COMPOSED OF THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATOMS, NAMELY CARBON, OXYGEN, AND

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HYDROGEN

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THE SIMPLEST CARBOHYDRATES ARE COMPOSED OF SINGLE UNIT MOLECULES CALLED

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MONOSACCHARIDES

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THOSE CARBOHYDRATES COMPOSED OF TWO UNIT MOLECULES COVALENTLY BONDED TO EACH OTHER ARE CALLED

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DISACCHARIDES

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STARCH, GLYCOGEN, AND CELLULOSE ARE EXAMPLES OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES REFERRED TO AS

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POLYSACCHARIDES

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THREE EXAMPLES OF MONOSACCHARIDES ARE FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE, AND

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GLUCOSE

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LACTOSE IS THE PRINCIPLE CARBOHYDRATE FOUND IN

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MILK

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CELLULOSE IS THE CARBOHYDRATE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN IN THE BODY AND IS THERFORE USED AS

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DIETARY FIBER

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FATS, STEROIDS, AND WAXES ALL BELONG TO THE CLASS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS KNOWN AS

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LIPIDS

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THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A FAT ARE ONE, TWO, OR THREE MOLECULES OF FATTY ACID BONDED TO A MOLECULE OF

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GLYCEROL

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THOSE FATS IN WHICH MORE HYDROGEN ATOMS COULD BE ACCOMMODATED IN THEIR FATTY ACID MOLECULES ARE SAID TO BE

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UNSATURATED

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THE TISSUE IN HUMANS WHERE FAT IS STORED IN LARGE GOBULES IS CALLED

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ADIPOSE TISSUE

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A DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS IS A PROCESS IN WHICH FATTY ACIDS ARE LINKED TO GLYCEROL MOLECULES WITH THE REMOVAL OF

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WATER

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EVERY FATTY ACID CONTAINS AN ORGANIC ACID GROUP AND NUMEROUS -OH GROUPS KNOWN AS

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HYDROXYL GROUPS

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DURING THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, FATS ARE BROKEN DOWN TO YIELD FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL BY THE ENZYME

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LIPASE

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THE FOUR COMPONENT ELEMENTS OF ALL AMINO ACIDS ARE CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, AND

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NITROGEN

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THE NUMBER OF DIFFERENT AMINO ACIDS COMPOSING VIRTUALLY ALL PROTEINS IN THE BODY IS

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20

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WHEN AMINO ACIDS LINK TOGETHER TO FORM A PROTEIN, THE LINKAGE BINDING THEM IS CALLED A(N)

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PEPTIDE BOND

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PROTEINS ARE USED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF CELLULAR PARTS AND FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF CHEMICAL CATALYSTS KNOWN AS

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ENZYMES

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EVERY AMINO ACID MOLECULE HAS AN AMINO GROUP AND AND ORGANIC ACID GROUP REPRESENTED AS

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-COOH

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THE LINKING OF AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER TO FORM A PEPTIDE OCCURS BY THE PROCESS OF

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DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

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SUPPORTING AND STRENGTHENING MATERIALS OF THE BODY, COMPOSED IN PART OF PROTEIN, INCLUDE BONE, TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, AND

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CARTILAGE

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TWO HORMONES OF THE BODY THAT ARE COMPOSED EXCLUSIVELY OF PROTEIN ARE HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND

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INSULIN

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WHEN PROTEINS ARE TO BE USED AS ENERGY SOURCES, THE CONVERSION TO AN ENERGY-YIELDING CMPOUND IS ACCOMPLISHED IN THE

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LIVER

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THE BUILDING BLOCKS THAT COMPOSE NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE CALLED

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NUCLEOTIDES

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THE MATERIAL OF WHICH THE GENES ARE COMPOSED IS

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DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

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THE NITROGENOUS BASE URACIL IS FOUND ONLY IN THE NUCLEIC ACID CALLED

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RIBONUCLEIC ACID

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THE NITROGENOUS BASES ADENINE AND GUANINE BELONG TO A CLASS OF MOLECULES CALLED

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PURINES

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IN THE DOUBLE HELIX OF DNA, ADENINE AND THYMINE STAND OPPOSITE ONE ANOTHER, AND THE OTHER TWO BASES THAT STAND OPPOSITE EACH OTHER ARE

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GUANINE AND CYTOSINE

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THE DOUBLE HELIX FORM THAT DNA TAKES RESEMBLES A SPIRAL

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STAIRCASE

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EVERY HUMAN CELL, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS AND REPRODUCTIVE CELLS, CONTAINS A SET OF CHROMOSOMES NUMBERING

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46

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AFTER DNA REPLICATION, ONE OLD STRAND IS UNITED WITH ONE NEW STRAND MADE BY THE PROCESS CALLED

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SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION

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THE BACKBONE OF THE DNA MOLECULE CONSISTS OF PHOSPHATE GROUPS AND MOLECULES OF THE CARBOHYDRATE

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DEOXYRIBOSE