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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ILM
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true BM, formed by Mueller cells
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INL
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outermost retinal layer nourished by retinal vasculature, receives 33% from retinal arteries (ILM to MLM), choriocapillaris supplies retina externally (MLM to RPE)
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Bruchs membrane
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true BM
1. BM (inner basal lamina of RPE) 2. collagen 3. elastic tissue 4. collagen 5. BM (outer basal lamina of choriocapillaris) |
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age of macula differentiation
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5 to 6 months
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blood retinal barrier
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inner barrier: tight junctions (zonula occludens) between vascular endothelials cells
outer barrier: tight junctions between RPE cells |
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RPE and vitamin A
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uptake, transport, storage, metabolism, isomerization
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photoreceptor outer segment renewal
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every 10 days; rods shed outer segments during the day, cones during the night
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ERG waves
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a: photoreceptor cell bodies (negative)
b: Mueller's and bipolar cells RPE, late 2-4 sec positive devlection in dark adapted state |
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macular hole
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1: impending hole with foveal detachment and macular cyst
2: full thickness eccentric hole 3: full thickness hole with operculum, positive Watzke-Allen sign 4: full thickness with PVD |
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angiod streaks
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PEPSI: pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Ehler-Danlos, Pagets, Sickle cell, idiopathic
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parafoveal/juxtafoveal telangiectasia
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1: unilateral, m>f, onset during middle age, spectrum of coats disease
type 1a: congenital, confined to temporal half of fovea, macular edema and exudation type 1b: idiopathic, capillary telangiectasia, confined to 1 clock hour at edge of FAZ 2: bilateral, acquired, m = f, 5th to 6th decade, minimal macular edema, RPE hyperplasia, macular edema due to ischemia (not ammenable to laser treatment), risk of CNV 3: bilateral, idiopathic, male = female, capillary occlusion predominates |
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diabetic cataract
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aldose reductase converts glucose into sorbitol and fructose, causes osmotic effect, aldose reductase converts also galactose into galactitol (which causes cataracts in galactosemia)
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diabetic iridopathy
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lacy vacuolization of iris pigment epitheliun in 40%: glycogen-filled cysts in iris pigment (PAS+)
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risk of tear
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meridional fold or complex: upper nasal quadrant
cystic retinal tuft lattice degeneration |
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callender classification
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spindle a cells: cigars, benign nevi
spindle b cells: spindle cell melanomas epitheloid cells: most malignant |
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photocoagulation
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HRPDR:
NVD 1/4th, any vitreous heme severe NPDR has 50% risk of progression in 12 mo (one of the following): 4 Qs MAs, 2 Qs venous beading, 1 Q IRMA (microvascular abnormality) |
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macular pucker suspicious for
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peripheral hole that allows RPE cells to migrate
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tx of traumatic macular holes
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not effective: vitrectomy
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choroideremia
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x-linked recessive, late childhood
defect in choroidal vasculature absence of RPE and choriocapillaris except in macula, nyctalopia, photophobia, constricted fields female carriers with salt and pepper fundus |
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gyrate atrophy
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AR (a earlier in word), 2nd decade of life
nyctalopia ornithine aminotransferase; restrict arginine and protein, add vit B6 (pyridoxine) to reduce ornithine |
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fundus flavimaculatus
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AR, pisciform
2nd decade of life |
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Stargardt's disease
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AR (also AD), pisciform
silent choroid rapid progression after age 20 ERG normal |
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Leber's congenital amaurosis
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AR, ERG flat
KC, hyperopia, cataract, MR, deafness, seizures |
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Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
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maternal transmission to all sons (50% affected) and all daughters (15% affected, 85% carriers)
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splitting in retinoschisis
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juvenile: NFL
adult: outer plexiform layer |
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intraocular gas
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C3F8 = perfluoropropane
SF6 = sulfur hexafluoride, highest expansile rate C2F6 = perfluoroethane |
