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154 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
alveol/o
alveolus (air sac)
bronch/o
bronchi/o
bronchus (airway)
bronchiol/o
bronchiole (little airway)
capn/o
carb/o
carbon dioxide
laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
lob/o
lobe (a portion)
or/o
mouth
nas/o
rhin/o
nose
ox/o
oxygen
palat/o
palate
phren/o
diagphragm (also mind)
pharyng/o
pharynx
tonsill/o
tonsil
pector/o
thorac/o
steth/o
chest
spir/o
-pnea
breathing
sinus/o
sinus (cavity)
pleur/o
pleura (lining of lungs)
pneum/o
pneumon/o
air or lung
pulmon/o
lung
treache/o
trachea (windpipe)
uvul/o
uvula
nose
structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract;

also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell
sinuses
air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
palate
roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft
hard palate
bony anterior (front) portion of the palate
soft palate
muscular posterior (back) portion of the palate
pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and for air to the larynx
nasopharynx
part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages
oropharynx
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
laryngopharynx
lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus
tonsils
oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils
adenoid
lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil
uvula
small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate; named for its grape-like shape
larynx
voice box; passageway for air moving from the pharynx to the trachea; contains the vocal cords
glottis
opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
epiglottis
a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
trachea
windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi
bronchial tree
branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
right bronchus
left bronchus
two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
bronchioles
progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
alveoli
thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
lungs
two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration
lobes
subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right
pleura
membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
pleural cavity
potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
diaphragm
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
mediastinum
partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
mucous membranes
thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid
cilia
hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucous cell secretions upward
parenchyma
functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration
eupnea
normal breathing
bradypnea
slow breathing
tachypnea
fast breathing
hypopnea
shallow breathing
hyperpnea
deep breathing
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
apnea
inability to breathe
orthopnea
ability to breath only in an upright position
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and, sometimes, in rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea
crackles
rales
popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronciectasis or atelectasis
wheezes
rhonchi
high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema
stridor
high-pitched, crowing sounds that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)
caseous necrosis
degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance
cyanosis
bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
dysphonia
hoarseness
epistaxis
nosebleed
(stazo = to drip)
expectoration
coughing up and spitting otu of material from the lungs
sputum
material expelled from the lungs by coughing
hemoptysis
coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs (ptysis = to spit)
hypercapnia
hypercarbia
excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood
(capno = to smoke)
(carbo = coal)
hypoventiliation
deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causeing hypercapnia
hypoxemia
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
hypoxia
deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
obstructive lung disorder
condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs
restrictive lung disorder
condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
pulmonary edema
fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli
pulmonary infiltrate
density of an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process
rhinorrhea
thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose)
asthma
panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; characterized by paroxysmal sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough)
atelectasis
collapse of lung tissue (alveoli)
(atele = imperfect
-ectasis = expansion/dilation)
bronchiectasis
abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
bronchogenic carcinoma
lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi
bronchospasm
constriction of bronchi caused by spasm (involuntary contraction) of the peribronchial smooth muscle
emphysema
obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange
(emphysan = to inflate)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
cystic fibrosis
inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick, viscous (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation, and damage of lung tissue
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)
croup
inflammation of the upper airways with swelling; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough
laryngospasm
spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction
nasal polyposis
presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
pleural effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
empyema
pyothorax
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity
pleuritis
pleurisy
inflammation of the pelura
pneumoconiosis
chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts, such as coal, asbestos, or silicone (conio = dust)
pneumonia
inflammation in the lung resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites or from aspiration of chemicals
Pneumocystis pneumonia
pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism, a common opportunistic infection in those who are positive for the HIV virus
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
pneumohemothorax
air and blood in the pleural cavity
pneumonitis
inflammation of the lung , often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dusts
pulmonary embolism (PE)
occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
disease caused by the presence of Myobacterium tuberclulosis in the lungs; characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
sleep apnea
periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often resulting in snoring
tonsillitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils
upper respiratory infection (URI)
infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi
arterial blood gas (ABG)
analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases
pH
(potential of hydrogen); measurement of blood acidity or alkalinity
PaO2
(partial pressure of oxygen); measurement of amount of oxygen in the blood
PaCO2
(partial pressure of carbon dioxide); measurement of the amount of co2 in the blood
endoscopy
examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes
bronchoscopy
use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways
nasopharyngoscopy
use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities, such as obstructions, growths, and cancers
examination methods
techniques used during physical examination to objectively evaluate the respiratory system
auscultation
to listen; a physical exam method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aids of a stethoscope
percussion
a physical examination of tapping the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of the cavity, such as the chest
lung biopsy (bx)
removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic examination
lung scan
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
a two-part nuclear (radionuclide) scan of the lungs to detect abnromalities of ventilation (respiration) or perfusion (blood flow) made
1) after radioactive material is injected into the patient's blood and
2) as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways;
comparison of the two scans indicates whether an abnormality exists in the airways or the pulmonary circulation
MRI
nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions
polysomnography (PSG)
recording of various aspects of sleep (i.e., eye and muscle movements, respiration, and brain-wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders
pulmonary function testing (PFT)
direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities
spirometry
direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
tidal volume (TV)
amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration
vital capacity (VC)
amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration
peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)
peak flow (PF)
measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration
pulse oximetry
noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of arterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia
radiology
x-ray imaging
chest x-ray
x-ray imaging of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the x-ray beam to produce the radiograph
PA
AP
lateral
computed tomography (CT)
CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses
pulmonary angiography
x-ray imaging of the blood vessels of the lungs after the injection of contrast material
adenoidectomy
excision of the adenoids
lobectomy
removal of a lobe of lung
nasal polypectomy
removal of a nasal polyp
pneumonectomy
removal of an entire lung
thoracentesis
puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity)
thoracoplasty
repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs
thoracoscopy
endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thorascope
thoracotomy
incision into the chest
tonsillectomy
excision of the palatine tonsils
tonsillectomy and aenoidectomy (T&A)
excision of the tonsils and adenoids
tracehostomy
creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube
treacheotomy
incision in the trachea
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
method of artificial respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital body organs when breathing and the heart have stopped
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy
use of a device with a mask that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages; commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea
endotracheal intubation
passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs
incentive spirometry
a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and hold an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
mechanical ventilation
mechanical breathing using a ventilator
antibiotic
a drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms
anticoagulant
a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels
bronchodilator
a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
expectorant
a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing
antihistamine
a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effect of histamine