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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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•Ventilation |
is the taking in of air; is active (inspiration) & passive (expiration) |
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•Respiration |
is the gas exchange (where the gas meets the blood at the cellular level – perfusion”) |
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•Elasticity |
•the stretch during inhalation |
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•Elastic recoil |
•the tendency of the lungs to return to the resting state |
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•Compliance |
•– the ease with which the lungs can be stretched |
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•Airway resistance |
•–determined by the diameter of the airway |
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The pressure gradient between the atmosphere & thoracic cavity is established by changes in the size of the thoracic cavity |
•Inspiration increased the size of the thorax, which decreases intra-thoracic pressure, allowing air to move into the lungs •Exhalation does the opposite |
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•Eupnea” - assessment characteristics:
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1. Quality of respirations 2. Rate/rhythm 3. Depth (chest excursion) 4. Easy and unlabored/symmetrical 5. No use of accessory muscles 6. Breath sounds clear |
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Systemic Oxygenated Tissue Perfusion
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•CNS: LOC •Respiratory: normal •Cardiovascular: P: 60-100 and regular •Skin: pink •Muscle/tissue: capillary refill less than <3 secs and no fatigue |
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•Normal Respiratory Changes |
•Decreased muscle tone •Decreased elasticity-----•Decreased compliance •A/P diameter increases-----Decreased recoil •Kyphosis-----•Breath sounds diminish •pO2 decreases slightly •Decreased functioning alveoli •Decreased immune response |
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Ineffective Breathing Patterns
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•Dyspnea-----•Orthopnea •Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea(PND) •Stridor In addition, the following might be seen: •Clubbing of the digits •Nasal flaring-----•Use of accessory muscles |
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signs of acute(short-term) hypoxia. |
Nasal flaring, along with dyspnea, restlessness, & confusion. |
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Main accessory muscles. |
external intercostals the scalene |
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•When auscultating the chest of an elderly patient in respiratory distress, it is best to: |
Begin listening at the lung bases |
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Inadequate Oxygenation Manifestations CNS |
Apprehension Restlessness or Irritability Confusion or lethargy Combativeness or coma |
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Inadequate Oxygenation Manifestations Respiratory: |
Tachypnea Dyspnea on exertion Dyspnea at rest Use of accessory muscles Retraction of the interspaces on inspiration. Pause for breath between sentences & words |
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Inadequate Oxygenation Manifestations Cardiovascular |
Tachycardia Mild hypertension Dysrhythmias Hypotension Cyanosis Cool clammy skin |
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Inadequate Oxygenation Manifestations Other |
Diaphoresis Decreased urine output Unexplained fatigue |
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Critical Values PaO2 & SpO2
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Less then or = to 70 / 94 Adequate. 60 / 90 Adequate but with less margin for error. 55 / 88 Adequate for patients with chronic hypoxemia. 40 / 75 Inadequate. Might be acceptable short term. Less then 40 less then 75 Inadequate. Expect tissue hypoxia & cardiac dysrhythmias |
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BREATH SOUNDS
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2. Bronchovesicular over main bronchi. 3. Vesicular over lesser bronchi, bronchioles & lobes |
