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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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respiratory control centers
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medulla and pons
stimulated by high CO2/low O2 |
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ventilation
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gas in and out of alveoli
dead space = ventilation without perfusion air rises,- ventilate better at apex of lungs |
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oxygenation
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diffusion in pulmonary cap, systemic perfusion, diffusion at cellular level (all important)
dependent - better perfuse at base of lungs |
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shunting
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perfusion without oxygenation (unoxygenated blood to left side of heart)
anatomic or intra-pulmonary |
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absolute shunting
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nonfunctional alveoli
collapsed lungs, pneumonia perfusion without ventilation - no amount of oxygen will get into blood |
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silent unit
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alveolar unit not ventilating or perfusing
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V/Q mismatch
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relationship between ventilation and perfusion in the lungs
1:1 ratio 4-5 L ventilating/5 L of blood are perfused |
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good ventilation - poor perfusion
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high V/Q
vent 4L/per 3L = 1.3 hypoxia - low o2 and low Co2 (compensating by breathing faster and deeper) = respiratory alkalosis |
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good perfusion - poor ventilation
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pneumonia
vent 3 L/per 5L = .6 low V/Q high co2 = respiratory acidosis good lung down |
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alveolar hypoventilation
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air not moving well
increased Co2, decreased 02 |
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respiratory control centers
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medulla and pons
stimulated by high CO2/low O2 |
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causes of alveolar hypoventilation
defect in respiratory contol center (medulla) |
head injury
tumor CVA drug overdose |
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causes of alveolar hypoventilation
neuromuscular disease |
gulliane barre
myasthenia gravis ALS |
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causes of alveolar hypoventilation
mechanical abnormality of lung or chest wall |
trauma - flail chest
abd distention - preg, obesity, ascites |
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causes of alveolar hypoventilation
impaired functioing of resp. muscles |
low potassium
drugs that paralyze muscles spinal cord injury |
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causes of alveolar hypoventilation
abnormal or disease lung tissue |
ARDS
COPD |
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alveolar hypoventilation
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air not moving well in and out of alveoli
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difffusion impairment
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thickening of alveolar-capillary membrane
pulmonary edema pneumonia |
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causes of gas exchange abnormalities
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shunting (perfusion without vent)
V/Q mismatch alveolar hypoventilation diffusion impairment |
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pH of blood
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7.35-7.45
>7,45 alkalosis <7.35 acidotic |
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PaO2
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partial pressure of O2 in blood
88-100 hypoxemia = ,60 hypoxia = also sx |
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SaO2
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how saturated hemoglobin is with O2 (4 attachment sites)
93-99 % measure peripherally |
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PaCO2
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Co2 in arterial blood
35-45 >45 acidosis <35 alkalosis |
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HCo3
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buffer
22-26 |
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respiratory failure occurs when
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02 not into body or C02 not removed
sx of underlying condition |
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hypoxemia
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not enough o2
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hypercapnia
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insufficient CO2 removal - may vary ie: pt. with COPD
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hypoxemia respiratory failure
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Pa)2 < 60 mmHg when receiving O2 therapy >60%
oxygenation failure |
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hypercapnic respiratory failure
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PaCO2 >48 mmHg +acedemia (arterila pH <7.35)
PaCO2 higher than normal + unable to compensate (acidemia) + at risk for severe acid/base disbalance |
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hypoxemic respiratory failure causes
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ARDS
pneumioniua toxic inhalation PE inflammation anatomic cardiac shunt cardiogenic pulmonary edema shock (decreased blood flow) high cardiac output = limited diffusion |
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hypercapnic respiratory failure
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asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis
CNC injury injury to chest wall (pain, obesity) nueromuscular system damage |
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hypoxemia respiratory failure causes
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V/Q mismatch
diffusion limitation shunt hypoventilation |
