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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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A ____ in volume is followed by a ____ in pressure |
An increase in volume is followed by a decrease in pressure |
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Inspiration involves: |
Contracting of diaphragm and contracting of external intercostal muscles |
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Expiration involves |
Relaxation of diaphragm and relaxation of external intercostal muscles |
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What happens to alveolar pressure When thoracic volume increases |
When thoracic volume increases, Alveolar pressure decreases |
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What happens to the alveoli when the plural pressure is less than the alveolar pressure |
Alveoli tends to expand When the pleural pressure is less than the alveolar pressure the alveoli tends to expand |
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During inspiration, how much less is the pleural pressure than the alveolar pressure? |
4 mm of Hg |
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Both during inspiration and expiration interpleural pressure is always |
A few millimeters lower than the intrapulmonary pressure |
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What keeps the alveolar wall from sticking to one another |
Surfactant |
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How is flow and pressure gradient related |
They are directly proportional |
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How is flow and resistance of the alveoli related |
They are inversely proportional |
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The ease with which the lungs expand |
Compliance |
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The total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture is equal to |
The sum of the partial pressure of each individual component in the mixture |
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Components of the respiratory epithelium: |
Squamous cells of alveoli It's basement membrane Squamous cells of capillaries Basement membrane Interstitial space |
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How does increased thickness of the respiratory membrane affect diffusion |
It decreases the diffusion |
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How does the surface area of the membrane affect diffusion |
Diffusion is faster |
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Oxyhemoglobin is unstable in areas where: |
The oxygen concentration is low |
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Oxygen is released from the oxyhemoglobin when |
The blood concentration of carbon dioxide increases |
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About 98% of oxygen is transported as |
Oxyhemoglobin |
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Most of the carbon dioxide is carried as |
Bicarbonate ions |
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When and where does hemoglobin oxygen |
In the lungs, at high partial pressures of oxygen |
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When and where is oxygen released |
At low partial pressures of oxygen in the tissues |
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When electrical neutrality loss of bicarbonate is compensated by and influx of chloride ions it is called |
The chloride shift |
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The pigment of red blood cells that binds oxygen and carbon dioxide |
Hemoglobin |
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Decreased carbon dioxide binding due to increased oxygen levels is known as |
The Haldone effect |
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A rise in partial pressure of carbon dioxide or a lower pH causes oxygen offloading known as |
Bohr effect |
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What is triggered to prevent overinflation of the lungs |
Herring Breuer Reflex |
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Peripheral chemoreceptors Location & function |
Located in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch Sense changes in blood oxygen concentration |
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Central chemoreceptors Location & function |
Located in the medulla Senses changes in blood concentration of carbon dioxide |
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Lack of oxygen is known as |
Hypoxia |
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Total absence of oxygen is known as |
Anoxia |
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Five concepts of the respiratory system |
Ventilation External respiration Transport Internal respiration Cellular respiration |
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Two sources of blood supply |
Pulmonary vessels Bronchial Vessels |
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Right bronchial vein joins |
Azygos |
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Left bronchial vein joins |
Hemiazygos |
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The lymphatic vessels in the lungs are |
More superficial |
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Areas of the brain that controls respiration |
Pons & medulla |
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The pons controls |
Rate & depth |
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The medulla controls |
Rhythm |
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The pons is also known as |
Pneumotaxic center |
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The medulla is split into |
Dorsal Respiratory Group Ventral Respiratory Group |
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The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) controls |
Inspiration |
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The ventral respiratory group (VRG) controls |
Expiration |
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Factors that affect the rate of diffusion |
1. Thickness of membrane: ⬆️ thickness = ⬇️ diffusion 2. Surface area: ⬆️ surface = ⬆️ diffusion 3. Partial pressure 4. Diffusion coefficient
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What is diffusion coefficient |
The ease at which a gas diffuses |
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What is diffusion to efficient dependent upon |
Solubility and size |
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How much quicker does CO2 diffuse than 02 |
20x more rapidly |
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Ventilation includes |
Inspiration and expiration |
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External respiration AKA & definition |
Alveolar gas exchange Gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries |
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Internal respiration A.k.a. and definition |
Systemic gas exchange Gas exchange Between capillaries and systemic tissues |
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Muscles involved in quiet breathing |
Diaphragm & external intercostal |
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Muscles involved in forced breathing |
Internal intercostal, Abdominal muscles Muscles in the thoracic region |
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Inspiration is what kind of process |
Active process Muscles contract |
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Expiration is what kind of process |
Passive process Muscles relax |
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How is volume & pressure related? |
Inversely |
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Diaphragm effect on respiration |
Increases vertical volume Relaxed: dome shape Contracts: flattens |
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Intercostal muscles effect on respiration |
Increases lateral volume Increases anter-posterior (AP) volume |
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Intrapulmonary pressure |
The pressure within the lungs A.k.a. intra alveolar pressure |
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Intrapleural pressure is less than |
Intrapulmonary pressure *4 mm of Hg less |
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Why is intrapleural pressure less than intrapulmonary pressure? |
Facilitates expansion of lungs |
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At the end of inspiration and expiration what pressures are equal |
Atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure *760 mm Hg* |
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The atmosphere is composed of |
78% nitrogen 21% oxygen .04% CO2 Water vapors and misc. gases *760 mm of Hg |
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Atmospheric pressure |
Pressure gases in the air exert on the environment 760 mm Hg ⬆️ altitude = thinner air |
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Tidal volume |
Amount of air per breath *500 ml* |
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Proprioceptors |
Within joints and muscles Stimulated by body movement |
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What initiates the inhalation reflex |
Baroreceptors |
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Herring-Breuer reflex |
Inhalation reflex |
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Airflow is dependent upon |
-Pressure gradient (Between atmospheric pressure & intrapulmonary pressure) -Resistance F=P/R |
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Ways in which resistance can be altered (3) |
1. Collapse of alveoli 2. Change in the diameter of bronchioles 3. Lung loses elasticity |
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Compliance determined by |
Surface tension and elasticity of the chest wall and the lungs |
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Spirometry |
The volume of air your lungs can hold |
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Anatomic dead space |
Areas that don't participate in gas exchange *150 ml* |
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Respiration rate |
Number of breaths per minute |
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Pulmonary ventilation equals (Total lung capacity) equals |
Tidal volume x respiration rate |
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Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
AKA: complemental air The amount of air that can be inhaled above the tidal volume *3000 ml |
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Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) |
AKA: supplemental air Amount of air that can be exhaled beyond tidal volume *1200 ml |
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Residual volume |
Amount of air left in the lungs after expiration *900 females *1200 males |
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Inspiratory capacity equals |
TV+IRV=IC 3500 ml |
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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) equals |
ERV+ RV=FRC Max. 2400 ml |
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Vital capacity (VC) equals |
TC+IRV+ ERV=VC 4700 ml |
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Forced expiratory volume |
Percentage of air expelled in a period of time *Normal lungs can expel all air in two seconds* |
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Dalton's law |
The total pressure in a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures |
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Partial pressure |
The driving force to move a gas into a liquid |
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Alveolar gas exchange |
PO2 in alveoli = 104 mmHg PO2 in capillaries = 40 mm Hg PCO2 in alveoli = 40 mm Hg PCO2 in capillaries = 45 mm Hg |
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Systemic gas exchange |
PO2 in capillaries = 95 mm Hg PO2 in systemic cells = 40 mm PCO2 in systemic cells = 45 mm PCO2 in capillaries = 40 mm Hg |
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Saturation curve |
Relationship between PO2 and hemoglobin saturation S-shaped * when O2 binds to hemoglobin the enzyme undergoes change allowing more O2 to bind |
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Affects binding of O2 |
⬆️ temp. = ⬇️ binding ⬇️ pH ⬇️affinity |
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Decreased carbon dioxide binding due to increased oxygen levels is known as |
Haldone effect |
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Arise in partial pressure of carbon dioxide or a lower pH causes oxygen offloading known as |
The Bohr effect |
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