Respiratory System- Lower Respiratory Tract By Blue

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Respiratory System- Lower Respiratory Tract by Blue

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Respiratory System- Lower Respiratory Tract by Blue

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By far and away, the most common lower respiratory tract virus is

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influenza virus.

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What age of peoples get the most LRT infections?

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newborns and children

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Name the viruses in the group Paramyxovirus

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-parainfluenza
-respiratory syncytial virus
-metapneumovirus
-mumps virus
-measles virus
-nipah and hendra virus

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What is the major cause of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)?

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human parainfluenza Virus (types 1-4)

the minor causes of croup are influenza virus, adenovirus and RSV

*infection to 1 does not mean immunity to the other three (you can be infected 4 different times)

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What is the antibody that protects you against URT infections?

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IgA, but watch out, it's short lived.

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Symptoms of croup?

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-voice loss
-inspiratory stridor (infection of trachea; inhalation difficult; "steeple sign"; most important consideration)
-"seal bark" cough from the bronchitis

lasts 3-7 days and rarely leads to pneumonia

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How do you spread croup?

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spread by respiratory droplets

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what do IgA antibodies do?

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prevention and recovery. passively transferred IgG not protective' IgA in breast milk preventative, serum IgA

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Tx of croup?

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take outside to cooler air. place vaporizer in room. treat with acetominophen. don't use a degcongestant.

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What is stridor? How do you check for its presence?

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1.it's a hard shound heard when baby is breathing in, especially prominent when crying, coughing or upset.
2. often ass'd with rapid breathing
3. often ass'd with indrawing (sucking in) of the chest when breathing in.

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What time of year do you get the various types of croup?

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type 1 and 2 are in the winter months; type 3 is in the summer months

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What is the major lower respiratory tract pathogen of INFANTS worldwide?

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, types A and B)

especially in premature infants who have not fully developed their bronchioles (much smaller opening),
mucus is clogging up the airways and easier to clog /block premature compared to 1-2 months old.

up to 40-90% of bronchitis, bronchoiolitis and pneumonia

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Symptoms of RSV in infants?

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-wheezing on expiration (not inspiratory stridor in croup)
-persistent coughing
-rapid breathing; gasping for breath
-bluish color around mouth and fingernails
-fever

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What virus has a similar clinical and epidemiological spectrum to Respiratory Syncytial Virus?

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metapneumovirus. 10% of infant LRTI.

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how often, where, and to whom are the RSV epidemics?

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every year in large urban centers to infants and young children

peak incidence is at 2 months; more serious for prematures

Maternal IgG often not protective. However, IgA in breast milk is!

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How do you diagnose RSV?

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-clinical symptoms
-bacterial/virus location
-Ab titer/Ag detection
-PCR/hybridization

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Prevention/Treatment of RSV

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-vaccine under development for RSV, aimed at older transmitters, not infants.
-RESPIGRAM, PALIVIZUMAB; anti-RSV immunoglobulins for use as PREVENTATIVES (passive immunization)
-oxygen therapy, ventilation
-RIBAVIRIN for acute, severe RSV.

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What is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

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originally called Sin Nombre Virus, using deer mouse and cotton rat vector. It's primarily a mouse virus; it's not passed from human to human. You have to inhale their urine and feces.