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11 Cards in this Set
- Front
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- Dalton's law of partial pressure says that each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure (partial pressure). - Each gas diffuses (moves) independently of each other moving from areas of high partial pressure to areas of low partial pressure. |
78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 0.03% carbon dioxide |
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- occurs in lungs - gases exchanged between air in alveoli to blood in capillaries. - oxygen moves from alveoli to capillaries - CO2 moves from capillaries to alveoli (moves in the opposite direction of O2. |
O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the surrounding capillaries due to blood having a lower partial pressure BUT O2 is not very soluble in blood... 1% is dissolved in plasma 99% is carried in the RBC by hemoglobin - Oxyhemoglobin is formed when hemoglobin picks up oxygen, allowing blood to hold 20mL of O2 per 100mL of blood |
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O2 moves from capillaries to surrounding cells to take part in cellular respiration. - occurs through diffusion and due to partial pressure changes ** when the oxyhemoglobin passes by a tissue needing O2, the O2 falls off the hemoglobin and diffuses through the capillary into a call (high pp to low).
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When there is a build up of CO2 in cells (from cell resp.), the CO2 will move out of the cells to the blood where there is a lower pp. - CO2 is more soluble in blood than O2 and is transported in 3 forms through the blood: 1) carried by hemoglobin 2) carried in blood 3) combines with water to make carbonic acid |
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1) 9% is carried in the plasma 2) 27% of CO2 is carried by hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin) to the lungs → once there CO2 falls of hemoglobin and diffuses into alveoli → exhaled 3) 64% combines with water in the blood plasma to form carbonic acid. CO2 + H20 = H2CO3
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Very unstable → quickly breaks down to form bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and H+ ions. - The H+ ions combine with hemoglobin and make their way back to the lungs (this combination reduces the acidity of the blood). - the blood carries dissolved HCO3- back to the lungs - what at lungs: O2 replaces hydrogen ions from the hemoglobin ... →hydrogen ions reconnect with HCO3- → CO2 is reformed and diffuses into alveoli → exhaled. |
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A sensory receptor that detects certain chemical stimuli in the environment. - examples of chemical stimuli: oxygen and carbon dioxide - abnormal levels of CO2 and O2 causes our breathing to speed up or slow down |
Breathing is involuntary
Regulate breathing in 2 ways: 1) acidity levels in blood 2) levels of O2 in the blood |
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High acidity of blood (from access CO2 mixing with water in the blood making carbonic acid) is detected by chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata (brain). - chemoreceptors stimulate a nerve response to increasing breathing movements. - this expels more CO2 and acidity therefore decreases. |
Less sensitive mechanism - Chemoreceptors in the carotid artery detects low levels of O2 and send nerve impulse to the medulla oblongata. - increase breathing rate to get more oxygen in!
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short term and do not obstruct breathing. ______________________________ lower respiratory tract can impair the delivery of oxygen to the cells. ______________________________ •Many of the disorders are only treatable, NOT curable (ex. Asthma) |
Upper respiratory tract
- A bacterial or viral infection; treated with antibiotics |
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Upper respiratory tract
- Inflammation of the larynx caused by infection, allergies or straining of the voice |
Alveoli become inflamed and fill with fluid. Fluid interferes with gas exchange, and the body becomes starved for oxygen. Two types: Lobular: caused by bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia (vaccine available) Bronchial: caused by virus
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Inflammation of the bronchi - They fill with mucus, which is expelled by coughing. Acute bronchitis: short term bacterial infection Chronic bronchitis: long-term disorder caused by irritants –Cilia destroyed –No treatment –Smoking – most common cause |
Chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles, thereby reducing their diameter and ultimately air flow - Inhalers (bronchial dilators) work to reduce the inflammation and relax bronchiole muscles to open airway |
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Walls of the alveoli break down and lose their elasticity. This reduces the surface area for gas exchange, limits lung capacity, and causes oxygen shortages - Permanent and incurable - Common cause: smoking |
Genetic condition that disrupts the function of the mucus cells - Thin mucus becomes sticky and thick - trapped pathogens cannot be expelled - Leads to repeated lung infections - Treatment includes medications to thin mucus and antibiotics to fight infections |
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Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs - Leading cause of cancer deaths in Canada - Malignant tumors – called carcinomas decrease surface area and may stop air from entering bronchioles - Tobacco smoke is carcinogenic (causes cancer) |
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