Respiratory System Chapter 16

Front 1

Function of the Respiratory System

Back 1

To supply oxygen to and eliminate carbon dioxide from the lungs.

Front 2

Function of the Thorax

Back 2

Provides bone protection to the lungs and assists in the air exchange.

Front 3

The Thoracic Cage

Back 3

Consists on the sternum, the ribs, and costal cartilages, and the thoracic vertebrae.

Front 4

The thorax

Back 4

Is wider from side to side than it is from front to back. The thoracic or chest cavity lies inside the thorax. It is within the cavity that the lungs, heart, and other vital structures are located.

Front 5

Rib Cage

Back 5

Serves to attach the vertebral column posteriorly to the sternum anteriorly. Movement within the thoracic spine is very limited.

Front 6

What lies inside the rib cage

Back 6

Heart, lungs, Aorta, thymus gland, portion of trachea, esophagus. lymph nodes, and important nerves.

Front 7

Total of ribs in the Rib Cage

Back 7

Each side has 12 ribs, for a total of 24. The upper 7 ribs (also called true ribs) attach directly to the sternum anteriorly. Ribs 8 through 10 are called false ribs, because they attach indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilage of the 7th rib. The 11th and 12th ribs are called floating ribs, because they have no anterior attachment.

Front 8

The Sternum

Back 8

Is the long, flat bone in the middle of the anterior chest wall. Consist of three parts, the manubrium, body and xiphoid process.

Front 9

Ribs Articulation with the Vertebrae

Back 9

1) The bodies of the vertebrae and 2) the transverse processes.

Front 10

Joints

Back 10

Costovertebral Joints

Front 11

Facet

Back 11

Is the articulating surface on the vertebral body, is located laterally and posteriorly on the body near the beginning of the neural arch.

Front 12

Demifacet

Back 12

The facets are often called like that, because they articulate with only about half of the rib.

Front 13

Articulations of the ribs and the sternum, with the costal cartilage in between are:

Back 13

Nonaxial, Diarthrodial, gliding joints.

Front 14

Movement of the Thorax

Back 14

Most of the ribs attach anteriorly and posteriorly, there is little movement, but elevation and depression of the rib cage do occur. Are associated with inspiration and expiration.

Front 15

Movement of the Rib Cage

Back 15

As you inhale , moves up and out, increasing the medial-lateral diameter of the chest.

As you exhale, returns to its starting position by moving down and in, decreasing the medial-lateral chest diameter.

Front 16

Sternum and Ribs movement when Inhaling

Back 16

As you inhale it moves upward and outward, increasing the anterior-posterior diameter of the chest.

Front 17

Sternum and Ribs movement when Expiration

Back 17

Lowered, the diameter of the anterior-posterior thorax decreases, resulting in expiration.

Front 18

Structure of Respiratory

Back 18

They are divided into upper and lower airway tracts

Front 19

Upper Respiratory Tract

Back 19

Consist of the nasal, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx.

Front 20

Lower Respiratory Tract

Back 20

Is made up of the trachea and bronchial tree

Front 21

Cartilaginous material

Back 21

All structures, down to the smallest bronchi, are made up of this, in order to allow the airway to remain open.

Front 22

The nose

Back 22

Is mostly made up of relatively soft cartilage and consists of the two nostrils, also called nasal nares.

Front 23

Nasal cavity

Back 23

The two nostrils lead into it. The nasal septum, formed by the vomer and part of the ethmoid bones, separates it into two fairly equal chambers.

Front 24

What forms the roof of the nasal cavity

Back 24

The ethmoid, sphenoid, and a small part of the frontal bone, this bones also form make up the hard palate of the mouth.

Front 25

Function of the nasal cavity

Back 25

Are to warm, filter, and moisten the air you breath in.

Front 26

The roof of the mouth consist of

Back 26

the bony hard palate and the fibrous soft palate.

Front 27

The Uvula

Back 27

is the soft tissue structure that hangs down in the middle at the back of the mouth; it is part of the soft palate.

Front 28

Function of the soft palate

Back 28

Is to close off the opening between the nasal and oral pharynx during such activities as swallowing, blowing, and certain speech sounds. Forces food and liquors down into the throat during swallowing and forces air out through the mouth when blowing and speaking.

Front 29

The Pharynx

Back 29

Is divided into three: the nasopharynx, oral pharynx, and laryngopharynx

Front 30

Nasal Pharynx

Back 30

Has primarily a respiratory function

Front 31

Oral pharynx

Back 31

Receives food from the mouth

Front 32

Laryngopharynx

Back 32

Is located between the base and the tongue and the entrance of the esophagus.

Front 33

Larynx

Back 33

Air passes into it, or also called voice box. Is located between the pharynx and the trachea, anterior to vertebrae C4 - C6.

Front 34

Larynx consists of:

Back 34

Cartilage, ligaments, muscles, and the vocal cords.

Front 35

Larynx Function

Back 35

Is to 1) act as a passageway for air between the pharynx and trachea, 2) prevent food or liquid from passing into the trachea, and 3) generate speed sounds.

Front 36

The glottis

Back 36

Is the opening between the vocal cords and the area where sound is produced. It is also an important part of the cough mechanism, which is important for keeping the airways clear.

Front 37

The Trachea

Back 37

Passing out of the larynx, air then enters the _____, commonly called windpipe. Is located anterior to the esophagus and vertebrae C6 - T4. To keep the air open is made up of c-shaped cartilage on all sides, except posteriorly. It divides into right and left main stem bronchi.

Front 38

Lobar Bronchi

Back 38

Upper, middle, and lower - with one going to each lobe of the lung.

Front 39

Bronchial Tree

Back 39

The trachea, bronchi, and their subdivisions are sometimes referred to as the ________

Front 40

Bronchioles

Back 40

Is the smallest bronchi. It is this point that the airway becomes non cartilaginous.

Front 41

The alveolus

Back 41

Is at the very end of the bronchial tree subdivisions. These saclike alveoli cluster around the terminal bronchioles much like grapes on their stem. Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide and vice versa.

Front 42

The lungs

Back 42

Are somewhat triangular, being wider and concave at the bottom. This concave shape fits with the convex dome shape of the diaphragm located below.

Front 43

The Pleura

Back 43

Is a double-walled sac, encases each lung. The outer wall of it lines the chest wall and covers the diaphragm, and the inner wall adheres to the lungs.

Front 44

During inspiration

Back 44

The thoracic cavity increase, causing the pressure within the thorax to decrease and forcing air into the lungs.

Front 45

Inspiration is divided into three parts

Back 45

Quiet, Deep and forced

Front 46

Quiet Inspiration

Back 46

Occurs when an individual is resting or sitting quietly. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles are the prime movers.

Front 47

Deep Inspiration

Back 47

A person needs more oxygen an therefore breathes harder. Muscles that can pull the ribs up are being called into action.

Front 48

Forced Inspiration

Back 48

Occurs when an individual is working very hard, needs a great deal of oxygen, and is in state of "air hunger". The muscles of quiet and deep inspiration are working, as are muscles that stabilizes or elevate the solder girdle. Elevates the ribs.

Front 49

Expiration is divided into two

Back 49

Quiet and Forced

Front 50

Quiet Expiration

Back 50

Is mostly a passive action. It occurs through relaxation of the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles, the elastic recoil of the thoracic wall and tissue of the lungs and bronchi, and gravity pulling the rib cage down from its elevated position. No muscle action occurs.

Front 51

Forced Expiration

Back 51

Uses muscles that can pull down on the rib as well as muscles that can compress the abdomen, forcing the diaphragm upward.

Front 52

Two ways of changing thoracic volume:

Back 52

1) Moving the ribs and 2) Lowering the diaphragm.

Front 53

Primary Muscles during respiration

Back 53

The Diaphragm and the intercostal muscles.

Front 54

The role of accessory muscles

Back 54

come into play during forced respiration, can be determined by noting whether a muscle's action pulls the ribs up (inspiration) or pulls them down (expiration)

Front 55

Diaphragm Muscle

Back 55

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm muscle, a large, sheetlike dome-shaped muscle. On the lower six ribs laterally, and on the upper lumbar vertebrae posteriorly.

Front 56

Opening in the Diaphragm muscle

Back 56

Allows passage of the esophagus, the aorta, and the inferior vena cava.

Front 57

Diaphragm Muscle O,I,A,N

Back 57

O: Xiphoid Process, Ribs, and Lumbar Vertebrae

I: Central Tendon

A: Inspiration

N: Phrenic Nerve (C3,C4,C5)

Front 58

External Intercostal Muscles O,I,A,N

Back 58

O: Rib above

I: Rib below

A: Elevate Ribs

N: Intercostal Nerve (T2- T6)

Front 59

Internal Intercostal Muscles

Back 59

O: Rib below

I: Rib above

A: depress ribs

N: Intercostal nerve (T2 - T6)

Front 60

Intercostal Muscles

Back 60

Are located between the ribs and run at right angles to each other.

Front 61

External Intercostal Muscles

Back 61

Are the most superficial muscles which run inferiorly and medially from the rib above to the rib below. They elevate the ribs below by pulling up on them from their attachment on the rib above.

Front 62

Internal Intercostal Muscles

Back 62

They perform the opposite action. They run anteriorly and medially from the rib below to the rib above. They depress the ribs by pulling down on the rib above.

Front 63

Anteriorly, The external intercostal muscles

Back 63

Run in the same direction as the external oblique muscles of the abdomen.

Front 64

Accessory Expiratoty Muscles

Back 64

Operate in much the same fashion, except that they pull down on the rib cage.

Front 65

Example of Accessory Expiratory On the Resctus Abdominis Muscle

Back 65

usually flexes the trunk, now pulls the sternum toward the pubis in a reversal of muscle action, assisting expiration.

Front 66

Example of Accessory Expiratory on the Quadratus Lumborum

Back 66

Pulls the lower ribs toward the iliac crest in the same fashion.

Front 67

Anatomical Relationship

Back 67

The main respiratory muscles are the deepest, while the accessory muscles lie more superficial.

Front 68

Diaphragmatic Breathing

Back 68

Is the most efficient method of breathing and requires the least amount of energy. Normally, lowers when it contracts, causing the abdomen to move out, the lungs to expand, and air to flow into the lungs. When relaxes, it raises, the abdomen move is, the lungs recoil, and air flows out the lungs.

Front 69

Chest Breathing

Back 69

Requires greater effort and is much less efficient than diaphragmatic breathing. During inspiration, the rib cage moves up and out (both in a medial-lateral direction and in an anterior-posterior direction), the lungs expand, and air flows into the lungs. During expiration, the rib cage relaxes, the lungs recoil, and air flows out of the lungs.

Front 70

The Phrenic Nerve

Back 70

Is where the diaphragm muscle innervates. Arises from the third, fourth, and fifth cervical nerves. Is functionally significant because an individual with a spinal cord injury at C3 or above annoy breathe unassisted. They will depend on a respirator.

Front 71

Valsalva's Maneuver

Back 71

Occurs when people hold their breath and attempt to exhale. This is sometimes helpful in "clearing your ears" which may have become blocked from diving or quickly descending from a high elevation.

Front 72

Prolonged Breath-holding

Back 72

Straining forces exhalation against the closed glottis. This increases intrathoracic pressure, which traps blood in veins and prevents it from entering the heart.