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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cystic fibrosis
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letha inehrited disease caused by abnormal plasma membrane channel proteins; respiratory problems due to thick mucous
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epitaxis
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nose bleed
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atelectasis
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callapsed lob or lung
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hypercapnia
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Inc in the Partial pressure of Co2 of arterial blood
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hypocapnia
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abnormally low arterial Partial pressure of CO2
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respiratory distress syndrome
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cond. resulting from production of inadequate surfactant and associated alveolar collapse
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SIDS
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crib death, babies die respiratory arrest
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Myscobacterium tb
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causes turberculosis
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Where does gas exchange occur inside the lungs?
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on the respiratory surface of the alveoli
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5 functions of the respiratory system
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1. provide an area for gas exchange btw air and blood
2. moving air to and from exchange surface 3. protect respiratory surfaces from environmental, and pathogens 4. make sounds 5. facilitate detection of olfactory stimuli |
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What is the upper respiratory system composed of?
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Nose nasalcavity paranasal sinuses pharynx
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what is the lower respiratory system composed of?
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Larynx trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli of the lungs
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What is the respiratory tract?
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conducting airways that carry air to and from the alveoli.
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What doe the upper respiratory tract do to the air ?
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filter and warm and condition by wetting it (humidify)
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______ lines the conducting portions of the respiratory tract
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respiratory mucosa
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A layer of areolar tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium
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Lamina propria
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contamination is prevented by
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respiratory defense system
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Is the upper respiratory system inside the thoracic cavity?
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no
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describe how air enters the body from entrance to the pharynx
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the external nares>nasalcavity>off the superior middle and inferior meatus(chnchal) to the nasopharynx
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What separates the oral and nasal cavities?
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Hard palate
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What is the upper respiratory system composed of?
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Nose nasalcavity paranasal sinuses pharynx
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what is the lower respiratory system composed of?
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Larynx trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli of the lungs
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What is the respiratory tract?
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conducting airways that carry air to and from the alveoli.
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What doe the upper respiratory tract do to the air ?
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filter and warm and condition by wetting it (humidify)
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______ lines the conducting portions of the respiratory tract
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respiratory mucosa
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A layer of areolar tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium
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Lamina propria
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contamination is prevented by
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respiratory defense system
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Is the upper respiratory system inside the thoracic cavity?
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no
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describe how air enters the body from entrance to the pharynx
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the external nares>nasalcavity>off the superior middle and inferior meatus(chnchal) to the nasopharynx
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What separates the oral and nasal cavities?
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Hard palate
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3 parts of the pharynx and describe
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Nasopharynx superior part
oropharynx continuous w oral cavity laryngopharynx entrance to the esophagus |
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When air first comes in what conditions it?
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Nasal mucosa, and the nasal vestibule's hairs
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What surrounds and protects the glottis?
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the larynx
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3 large cartilages that make up the larynx
3 small ones |
thyroid cricoid and epiglottis
arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform |
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Vestibular folds vs vocal folds
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both found in the larynx span the glottis, one is inelastic, the other is delicate
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the pitch of the sound that the larynx makes depends on 3 things
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diameter, tension, length, of vocal cords
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W respect to the spine which cervical vertebrae do the treache cover?
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C6- to T5
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c-shaped tracheal cartilage, which stiffen the tracheal walls and protect the air way are located
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submucosa
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What does the posterior tracheal wall do that is so special?
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it can distort to permit bolus of foods
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what is the respiratory membrane made of?
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simple squamous epithelium
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What help fight off pathogens at the respiratory membrane?
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alveolar macrophages
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external vs internal respiration
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1 exchange of o2 and co2 btw interstitial fluid and outside environment includes breathing (pulmonary ventilation)
2 exchanges o2 and Co2 btw interstitial fliud and cells |
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Functions of the respiratory system
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1. Provide extnsive surface area for gas exchange btw air and circulating blood
2. Moving air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs along the respiratory passageways 3.Protecting from dehydration, temperature changes environmental variations, and defense against pathogens 4. Make sounds 5. Facilitate the detection of olfactory stimuli in the nasal cavaty |
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The surface area of the lungs vs body
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Surface area of the lungs is 35 times larger, about 70 to 140 square meters.
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What kinds of cells line the nasal cavity and superior portion of the pharanx?
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Stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous mucous cells
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Function of Oxygen
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to pick up hydrogen and make the water of metabolism
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CO2 w respect to respiratory
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its the byproduct, metabolic waste we need to get rid of. The C's and O's of glucose that our body does not use.
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Alveoli
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1 cell layer thick sacs have capillary beds with deoxygenated blood
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mucus escalator
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when the cilia beat towards the pharynx moving a carpet of mcuus in that direction cleaning the respiratory surface
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What may cause a rapid increase in the production of mucus?
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Exposure to unpleasant stimuli such as noxious vapors lg quantities of dust and debris, allergens pathogens
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lamina propia
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In the upper parts lamina propria contains mucus glands, in the conducting portions of the lower system it has smooth muscle cells.
in the nasal conchae it is highly vascularized to warm humidify air. Prevents chilling and drying out. |
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Why is epitaxis so common?
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Because of the high vascularization of the nose.
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The linings of the oropharynx laryngopharynx and nasopharynx
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oro- stratified squamous
lar- startified squamous naso pharynx- lined with same psuedo stratified columnar epithelium as the nasal cavity. |
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Sounds of the larynx
What happens when vocal folds increase in tension? What else are vocal folds called? |
phonation
As tension increases the pitch increases. Like children Vocal chords aka |
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3 unpaired cartilage of the larynx
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the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis
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3 paired cartilage of the larynx
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arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
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Infection/inflammation of the larynx is known as?
Why can it be dangerous? |
Laryngitis: most are mild cases
however bacterial or viaral infections of the epiglottis may swell and block glottis causing suffocation.: Acute epiglottis |
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What may cause the coughing reflex?
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Food or something touching the vestibular or vocal folds.
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What are 2 muscles that help with the larynx function?
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1 muscles of the neck and pharynx which position and stabalize the larynx
2. smaller intrinsic muscles that control tension in the vocal folds or open/close glottis |
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Why does food mostly obstruct the right bronchus?
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B/c it's on a steeper angle to the trachea and has a wider diameter.
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Why is the left lung indented at the medial mergin?
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Because of the cardiac notch (where the heart is)
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What produces surfactant and why is this so important?
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The large pneumocytes type II cells produce it,
it's an oily secretion, a mix of phospholipids and proteins. and it is responsible for reducing surface tension resulting from water molecules being attracted to each other and adhering at the air water boundary.We need the air bubbles and thus surfactant. |
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Repiratory distress syndrome
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When a person does not produce enough surfactant and the lungs are difficult to inflate deflate.
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Penumonia
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develops from an infection or another stimulus that causes inflammation of the lobules of the lung, when fluid leaks into the alveioli bronchioles constrict and swell. Can't breathe as a result
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Pneumocystis carinii
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When a person with aids gets a infection by a fungus in the respiratory system: can be fatal
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The two circuits that supply the respiratory system are the..
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1 supplies the respiratory portion
2. Supplies the conducting portion |
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The primary source of Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
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endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries
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Why is it that the pulmonary vessels can become so easily blocked by blood clots, fat masses air bubbles ect.
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Because of the low 30 mm Hg or less blood pressure:
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Large blockage in a branch of a pulmonary artery will cause
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pulmonary embolisms
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How does congestive heart failure result from a pulmonary emoblism?
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By increasing resistance in a major pulmonary vessel, it places extra strain on the right ventricle and such...
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The lack of pluera fluid would cause
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friction btw the visceral and parietal layer and make breathing difficult. and pain and inflammation
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Pleurisy
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too much pleural fluid is secreted, and it limits breathing. It is caused when the normal pleura fluid does not prevent friction and such.
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3 steps involved in external respiration:
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pulmonary ventilation / breathing physical movement of air in and out of lungs
gas diffusion: across the respiratory membrane btw aveolar air spaces and capillaries and capillaries to the tissues the transportation of o2 and co2 |
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Hypoxia and anoxia
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hypoxia low tissue oxygen levels: coronary ischemia results from chronic hypoxia
anoxia necrossis can result: damage caused by heart attacks and strokes are caused from localized anoxia |
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Costal vs diaphramic breathing
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Shallow vs deep vreathing.
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Which cells make surfactant?
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Septal cells, type II pneumocytes
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If a baby is born with a collapsed lung what could be the cause?
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The baby is not making surfactant and suffers respiratory distress syndrome.
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a person who has had surgery is more susceptive to lung problems, why is it important that a respiratory divice helps them stimulate breathing?
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Bc most are costal breathers and can develop problems
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Several causes of pnuemonia
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viral mycotic bacteria infections: inflammed lung tissue caused by aspiration
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How is the partial pressure of O2 from the external nares to the deep parts of the respiratory body
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It decreases
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How do alveoli function w respect to age
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They decrease oxygen capacity and deteriorate due to age, and other factors such as smoking
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What is the structure located btw alveoli and capillaries?
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A fused basal lamina;
The Respiratory membrane anywhere aleveoli and capillaries touch |
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What kinds of tissue are found in the lungs
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Lots of connective tissue: elastic and reticular fibers, collagen: they expand and recoil
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Boyle's law
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P= 1/V
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What causes air to flow into the lungs?
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Negative pressure by increasing the volume of the lungs
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Relaxed diaphragm
Constricted diaphragm |
Dome shape and volume in the thoracic cavity decreases pressure inside is higher than outside
Flattens and allows more air in as there is more space. Pressure inside is lower than outside |
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Compliance
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how easily lungs expand contract
Lower compliance greater force to breathe Greater compliance better it is to breathe At rest 3-5% of total resting energy is sent to muscles in pulmonary ventilation: however as compliance is reduced more energy is needed |
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3 factors that affect compliance
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CT loss of supporting tissues from alveolar damage, increases compliance???
Level of surfactant production: the collapse of an alveoli from insufficient surfactant reduces compliance Mobility of the thoracic cage, arthritis or other skeletal disorders will reduce the compliance. |
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intrapulmonary(aka)
vs intraplueral pressure |
1- aka intra alveolar pressure: pressure in resp. tract @ alveoli
: 2. Pressure in the space btw the parietal and visceral pluerae. avg -4 mm HG during inhalation both pressures decrease during expiration both pressures increase |
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Elastic recoil
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the ability right after an expiration for the lungs to return to their relaxed state.
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Tidal Volume
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The amount of air you move into or out during a single resp. cycle.
- during inspiration the pressure increases, expiration decreases. |
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Pneumothorax
vs atelectasis |
injury to the chest wall that penetrates the parietal pluera, ruptures alveoli and breaks through visceral allowing air into the pleural cavity
latter is atlectasis tx: remove as much air before sealing; lowers the intrapleural pressure and reinflates the lung. |
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primary muscles
secondary muscles |
-diaphragm and external intercoastals
-serratus anterior; pectoralis minor; internal intercostal; abs |
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Diaphragm
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separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
75% of inhalation flattens when contract primary muscle in breathing. |
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eupnea
vs hyperpnea diaphramic vs costal breathing what type of breathing to post surgery pts usually experience? |
normal breathing vs
forced breathing: usually calls upon the accessory muscles to assist in inspirations and expirations. deep vs shallow breathing Costal breathing |
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Respiratory minute volume
vs Alveolar ventilation |
former: is breaths per minute x the tidal volume
the latter accounts for dead space: Typically 500ml is inhaled however 150 never reach the lungs |
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Expiratory reserve volume vs inspiratory reserve volume
residual volume and minimal volume |
ERV amount you can voluntarily exple after a normal expiration 1000ml in males 700ml in females
IRV amount you can take in after over and above the tidal volume: in males 3300ml in females 1900ml residual: amount of air that remains even after max. exhalation 1200ml males 1100ml in females minimal volume: the amount of air that remains in your lungs if they were allowed to collapse 30-120ml, however cannot be measured in a healthy person. |
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-inspiratory capacity<br />-vital capacity<br />-functional residual capacity<br />-total lung capacity
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1. amount of air you can draw after you have completed one resp. cycle tv + irv<br />2. max amount of air in a single resp. cycle sum of ERV TV IRV
3.amount air left in your lungs after a cycle : sum of ERV and RV 4. total vol of your lungs add VC RV |
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A person has a IRV of 3000 a resting tidal volume of 500ml an Expiratory reserve volume of 800 and a residual volume of 11000 what is his total lung capacity
How does this compare to the avg male's total lung capacity |
5400ml 600 shy of an avg male
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Pt breaks a rib upon further examination it is found to have punctured the chest wall and fluid is leaking into his chest cavity what conditions may arise from this complication?
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Fluid may build up and cause pneumonia if not treated.
Pressure differences can cause atelectasis. |
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Dalton's law vs henry's law
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-former: each gas has it's own partial pressure the sum of all the partial pressures = total pressure
-latter is that a gas under pressure and in contact with a water surface: some of the molecules will diffuse into the water. |
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A pt is admitted with pain that cc arthralgia from scuba diving. Upon examanitation bubbles were found at the joints of the pt, what is a possible diagnosis?
(hint pt mentioned he just came back from scuba diving) |
Decompression sickness
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5 factors that may contribute to the Efficiency of diffusion at the respiratory membrane.
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1. Difference in partial pressures. The greater the difference the faster rate of diffusion.
2. Distances of diffusion is small 3. Gases are lipid soluble: both o2 and co2 diffuse through surfactant layer and membranes of cells 4. Total surface area is large: 140 meters squared 5. Blood flow and airflow are coordinated: the arrangement makes it so that blood flow is greatest around alveoli with highest Po2 values where o2 uptake is max. |
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COPD
and the pair of common diseases associated with it |
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
it refers to emphysema and chronic bronchitis and can affect vital capacity |
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A pt is suffering from symptoms of hypoxia, a blood sample was retrieved from the pt's arterial blood: what signs would show if there was indeed hypoxia (in the sample)
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low partial pressure of o2 and high Pp of CO2.
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External partial pressures of CO2 and O2
vs Internal Partial pressures of C02 and O2 |
ext:
deoxygenated -blood: O2=40 CO45 -alveolus O2=100 CO2=40 Oxygenated blood -blood O2=100 CO2=40 int -Oxygenated blood: O2=95 CO2=40 -Tissues: O2=40 CO2=45 Deoxygenated blood: O2=40 CO2=45 |
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How oxygen is transported vs how Carbon dioxide is transported:
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Oxygen 1.5% is O2 in plasma the other 98.5 % is mostly binded to hemoglobin
Hb+O2 <=> HbO2 CO2 -73% Converted into Carbonic acid in the RBCs CO2 + H20 <=> H+ + HCO3^- -23% is bound to proteins in hemoglobin into carbaminohemoglobin: Co2+ HbNH2 <=> HbNHCOOH or CO2 + Hb <=> HbCO2 the last 7% is carried in the plasma |
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Why is it important to have CO2 carried as carbonic acid?
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So that it does not effect the pH of the blood
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Each hemoglobin molecule can carry about 4 O2s so how many can each rbc carry?
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over a billion O2 as they have 250k+ hemoglobin molecules
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If hemoglobin saturation was approximately 50% how many O2 molcules would each heme group be carrying?
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about 2 O2 per heme group
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Does venous blood have oxygen?
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Yes it does even venous blood has avg 40 mm Hg of O2 in case tissue O2 demand increases.
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If a pt suffers from Carbon monoxide poisoning what are 3 tx that can help restore health? What is the cause of carbon monoxide poisoning?
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1 Prevent further CO exposure
2. Give pt Pure O2 3. Transfusion of compatible RBC's -Carbon monoxide has a higher affinity and usually wins in it's competition with the Heme binding sites. if only .1% of the air that is inhaled is CO your fucked. |
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Bohr effect
if a pt has a slight drop in pH he/she may suffer hypoxia at the tissue layer, why is this? |
Changes in pH particularly lowering of pH will decrease the amount of O2 that hemoglobin will carry, as it is more likely to release O2: pH 7.4 drops to pH 7.2 20% more oxygen will be released.
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Carbonic anhydrase with the Bohr affect
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Bohr effect = ph changes
the rxn of CO2 : CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3^- PCO2 inc : H2CO3 formation Inc and H+ ions go into the plasma dropping the pH of plasma PCO2 dec: Hydrogen ions diffuse into the RBCs and pH rises |
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Temperature changes affect hemoglobin how?
How does this relate to exercise? (not just joint reflex receptors) |
T inc hemogobin releases more oxygen:
Temperature declines hemoglobin holds more O2. As one may exercise their skeletal muscles will increase heat produced warming the blood at tissues increasing the amount of O2 released from hemoglobin |
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What is BPG and why is it important w respect to the storage of blood?
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2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
it is the biproduct of glycolysis (the process which RBCs make ATP) It increases the release of Oxygen at the tissues, thus increasing the oxygen carrying capacity. Bc production of BPG lvl is low when RBCs age blood banks monitor this in blood. @ low levels the oxygen is firmly bound and won't release the oxygen even at disastrously low PO2. It's useless. |
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Fetal hemoglobin
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it has a higher affinity because it has to fight the mother's blood to get O2 across that placenta.
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Bronchopulmonary carcinoma
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cancer of the lungs: aggressive class affect epithelial cells of the conducting passageways mucous glands or alveoli, : chest pain shortness of breath cough wheeze weight loss.
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Emphysema
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chronic progessive condition marked by shortness of breath and intolarate to physical exertion
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Resp sys w age
3 things |
1. Elastic tissues deteriorate, compliance is altered and vital capacity is lowered
2. Chest movements are restricted by arthritic changes, and loss of costal cartilage. This reduces exercise performance and such. 3. Some degree of emphysema, over the age of 50. |
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Several protective reflexes of the resp. system
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Coughing, irritation of the larynx trachea or bronchi
Sneezing; irritation of the nasal cavity Laryngeal spasm: closes airway temp. can pass out if due to strong stimulus |
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The basic pace of respiration, rate is controlled by which respiratory centers?
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pons and medulla oblongata
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There are several factors that affect breathing, or stimulate breathing CO2 is the strongest, however the limbic system, H-T and such have several stimuli as well, name a few..
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laughing, crying, finger in the ass can stimulate breathing. Also sudden severe pain
The limbic system may predict emotional anxiety or anticipate it, this will cause you to start breathing faster |
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Medulla oblongatta has recepters that most often respond toe concentrations of 2 things what are they?
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CO2
and H+ (pH) |
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The PNS has chemo receptors where are they located?
What do these chemo receptors monitor? |
carotid bodies and aortic bodies
They monitor concentrations of O2 and CO2 when CO2 accumulation in arterial blood resp centers inc rate to get rid of CO2 |
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When the trachea is obstructed hypercapnia may result and what may happen to the pH?
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The pH will fall as more CO2 is concentrated thus carbonic acid is forming faster and H+ ions drop the pH
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Sudden rise in BP
or a sudden drop in BP will do what w respect to breathing? |
it will drop BR if BP rises fast
it will inc breathing rate if BP drops fast |
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SIDS and TB
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SIDS is infant respiratory arrest
tuberculosis resp. disorder due to infection of bacterium mycobaterium tb |
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The apneustic center and pneumotaxic centers
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The two paired nuclei of the PONS
the former causes sustained inspiration the latter causes exhalation by inhibiting the former lol |
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Mrs. Ann Marie has chronic emphysema for 15 years and goes to the hospital for resp. infection, she goes into resp distress, the nurse (Terry) gives her pure o2 and she stops breathing.. WHY?
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ppl w emphysema may start to rely on O2 levels to regulate breathing. if lots of O2 is given the person may slow breathing down until she pass out and if the O2 is not removed will die.
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