Respiratory System

Front 1

Respiration Definition :

Back 1

Exchange of gases between the external environment and the body's cells.

Front 2

What structures does the Respiratory Zone consist of ?

Back 2

Alveoli (external respiration occurs here)

Front 3

What structures does the Conducting zone consist of

Back 3

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Front 4

What zone does Gas exchange occur in ?

Back 4

Respiratory Zone

Front 5

Jobs of the Conducting zone ?

Back 5

Transport

Clean

Regulate Temperature

Moisten

Protect (chemical testing)

Front 6

Functions of the Respiratory System ?

Back 6

1. Inhale Air from external environment

2. Excrete wastes (CO2 & H2O)

3.Regulate PH

4. Clean, Filter and moisten inhaled air

5. Regulate Temperature of inhaled air

6. Moisten inhaled air

7. Chemically test inhaled air

8. Direct air and food to correct "tubes"

9. Production of speech

Front 7

Describe Function "inhale air from external environment"

Back 7

- Inhale air from the external environment and take it to the lungs, in order for oxygen to get into the cells for celluar respiration.

(pulmonary ventilation)

Front 8

Describe Function "Excrete wastes"

Back 8

- Excrete CO2 and H2O from the lungs to the external environment. Must be removed in order to maintain homeostasis.

- If not excreted Carbonic Acid is formed upsetting homeostasis

Front 9

Explain Function "regulate PH"

Back 9

- if the internal environment (body) becomes to acidic we would breath faster in order to excrete wastes and upsetting homeostasis.

Front 10

Explain Function "Clean, Filter and Moisten inhaled air"

Back 10

- Taking inhaled air and making sure it is clean and filtered, in order to protect the Alveoli from microbes, dust, dirt and pollen.

Front 11

Inhaling and exhaling air to and from the lungs is a part of the process called ?

Back 11

Pulmonary Ventilation

Front 12

Oxygen moves from the alveoli of the lungs to the blood of the pulmonary capillaries during the process called ?

Back 12

External respiration

Front 13

The process that Co2 moves from the cells of a body organ into the blood of the capillaries within that organ is called ?

Back 13

Internal Respiration

Front 14

Aerobic Respiration occurs in the ?

Back 14

Mitochondria

Front 15

Providing the cells with an abundant supply of oxygen is the function of what systems ?

Back 15

Respiratory System & Cardiovascular

Front 16

During cellular respiration glucose is anaerobically metabolised into _________ when it is still located in the _______ of the cell?

Back 16

Pyruvic Acids & Cytoplasm

Front 17

The earths atmosphere is what percentage oxygen ?

Back 17

21%

Front 18

The process of the blood carrying gases around the body is called ?

Back 18

Blood gas transport

Front 19

Scientific Name for the throat is ?

Back 19

Pharynx

Front 20

Erythrocytes perform what function ?

Back 20

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 21

Fibrocytes and Fibroblasts perform what function?

Back 21

Produce Collagen and Elastin

Front 22

Mast cells and Basophils perform what function ?

Back 22

Secrete histamine and heparin

Front 23

Melanocytes perform what function

Back 23

production or melanocytes

Front 24

Engulf and destroying microbes is done by what cells ?

Back 24

leucocytes, macrophages and phagocytes

Front 25

Protects the stomach from acid is done by what cells ?

Back 25

Epithelial cells

Front 26

Production and secretion of mucous is the function of what cells ?

Back 26

Goblet cells

Front 27

Storage of triglycerides is done by what cells

Back 27

adipocytes

Front 28

Propel food through the small intestine is the function of what cell ?

Back 28

Smooth muscle cells

Front 29

Neurogial Cells perform what function ?

Back 29

Protect , support and insulate neurons

Front 30

Neurons conduct what impulses

Back 30

Nerve impulses

Front 31

Engulf and recycle bone protein matrix and minerals is done by what cell ?

Back 31

Osteocytes

Front 32

Functions of the nose ?

Back 32

1. Inhale air from ext enviro to the pharynx.

2. clean, warm and moisten air to protect alveoli from microbes.

3.Chemically test the air using olfactory receptors which detect chemicals in the inhaled air, resulting in sense of smell,.

4, Act as a resonating chamber for speech

Front 33

What does the external nose consist of ?

Back 33

Nasal bone, frontal bone, cartilage, fibrous membrane.

maxillae bones help to support covered in skin and lined with a mucous membrane. Cartilage gives the nose majority of its shape .

Front 34

What cartilage gives the nose most of it shape ?

Back 34

Hyalin cartilage with collagen and elastic fibers

Front 35

The bridge of the external nose is made of what bones ?

Back 35

Nasal bones

Front 36

External nares are apart of which nose ?

Back 36

External Nose

Front 37

What blends to the face at the nasofacial angle ?

Back 37

The external nose

Front 38

The Area inside the external nose divided by the septum is called ?

Back 38

Vestibles

Front 39

What is the job of terminal hairs (virbrissae) within the vestibles of the external nose ?

Back 39

To clean inhaled air from dust, dirt, debri and microbes .

Front 40

What is the function of the olfractory receptors ?

Back 40

Olfractory mucosa is located at the roof of the nasal cavity which contains the olfractory receptors which help us with our sense of smell.

Front 41

What is the Pharynx ?

Back 41

The pharynx is known as the throat. A tube that is 12-13cm long. Flexible and can change shape and size. Begins at the internal nares (back of nasal cavity) and goes behind the mouth down until the tubes spilt into Larynx and Oesophagus.

Front 42

Name the three sections in order that the Pharynx divides into ?

Back 42

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Front 43

What is the pharynx made out of ?

Back 43

The walls are formed by skeletal muscle and lined with a mucous membrane wrapped in connective tissue (serosa)

Front 44

Where is the Nasopharynx located ?

Back 44

Begins at the internal nares (back of nasal cavity) and ends around the soft palate and uvula.

Front 45

Where is the Oropharynx located ?

Back 45

Begins at the soft palate and uvula and ends at the level of the hyoid bone.

Front 46

Where is the Laryngopharnx located ?

Back 46

Located at the beginning of the oesophagus and larynx tubes.

Front 47

What is the function of the Tonsils ?

Back 47

an addition to helping the muscosa and lysosomes do cleaning.

Once infected can not be of any use.

Front 48

Nasal cavities are lined with what ?

Back 48

respiratory mucosa, pseudostratified columnar epithelium ciliated.

Front 49

What is a sinus ?

Back 49

A sinus is a deliberate hole or space in cancellous bone tissue.

Front 50

What lining does a sinus have ?

Back 50

Mucosa (ciliated pesudostratifed columnar epithelium containing goblet cells which produce the mucous. Lysosomes are also present in order to ingulf microbes.

Front 51

Where are all the Paranasal sinuses located ?

Back 51

1. Frontal bone x 2 leading to internal nose.

2.Ethmoid Bone leading to internal nose.

3. Sphenoid x 1 leading to nasal cavity.

4. Maxillae x 2 leading to nasal cavity

Front 52

Where are the frontal

sinuses?

Front 53

Where is the sphenoid sinus ?

Back 53

sss

Front 54

Where are the ethmoid sinuses ?

Back 54

zsss

Front 55

Where are the maxillae sinuses ?

Back 55

sss

Front 56

In what order does the inhaled are reach the sinuses ?

Back 56

1.External nares

2. Vestibles

3. nasal cavity

4. sinuses

5. nasal cavity

6. internal nares

7. pharynx

Front 57

What do the sinuses do to the inhaled are ?

Back 57

Clean

moisten

warm

Front 58

What must be transported out of the sinus when dirty ?

Back 58

Mucous

Front 59

What acts as a resonating chamber to contribute to our speech?

Back 59

Sinuses

Front 60

Functions of the Sinuses ?

Back 60

1. Passageway for inhaled air.

2.Regulate Temperature of inhaled air.

3.Clean, Filter and Moisten inhaled air.

4. Chemically test inhaled air.

5. Act as resonating chamber for speech.

Front 61

The Pharynx divides into three sections, these are called ?

Back 61

1. Nasopharynx

2.Oropharynx

3. Laryngopharynx

Front 62

Where is the Nasopharynx located ?

Back 62

Begins at internal nares and ends at the soft palate and uvula.

Front 63

Where is the Oropharynx located ?

Back 63

Begins at the soft palate and ends at the level of the hyoid bone.

Front 64

The laryngopharynx is located where the pharynx splits into ?

Back 64

Oesophagus and Larynx

Front 65

What is the Pharynx made out of ?

Back 65

Skeletal muscle walls, a mucous membrane wrapped in connective tissue.

Front 66

The two jobs the Pleura of the lungs does ?

Back 66

1. Protection from microbes and trauma.

2. Ability to inhale and exhale (causing no friction and making it easy to slide over one another)

Front 67

What occurs when inhaling during pulmonary ventilation ?

Back 67

When inhaling atmospheric pressure must be greater than the pressure within the lungs.

Front 68

What does intrapulmonary mean ?

Back 68

Pressure within the lungs (lung pressure)

Front 69

What is the job of the diaphragm when inhaling air ?

Back 69

The brain sends a message to the diaphragm telling it to contract. The skeletal cells shorten and flatten in shape. So the Diaphragm changes from a rounded shape to flattened shape. The parietal pleura is attached to the diaphragm so will HAVE to move in order for this movement to occur.

Front 70

The function of Apuneustic & Pneumatic ?

Back 70

Adjust and control length and smoothness of your breath by sending messages to the Medullary Rhythmic centre. Depending on what you are doing, eg: Running, exercising, sleeping.

Front 71

What does the Respiration Centre do ?

Back 71

Controls breathing

Front 72

Where is Apuneustic & Pneumatic located ?

Back 72

In the Pons of the brain stem

Front 73

Factors that affect pulmonary ventilation ?

Back 73

1. Pressure Gradient

2. Resistance

3. Lung compliance

4. Lung elasticity

5.surface tension

Front 74

Where are the Neurons located in the brain?

Back 74

In the brain stem located in the Medulla and Pons in the Apuneustic and Pneumatic.

Front 75

What Job do the neurons have in pulmonary ventilation ( control of breathing) ?

Back 75

Neurons excite spontaneously sending messages to the diaphragm and external intercostals telling them to contract.

Front 76

What occurs when the messages to the diaphragm and external intercostals ?

Back 76

(Breathing) inhaling stops this is when we exhale for about 3 seconds.

Front 77

Where are Chemoreceptors located ?

Back 77

AORTA (lungs blood vessel)

Front 78

Why are the Chemoreceptors located in the Aorta ?

Back 78

in order to check O2, H2O & CO2 levels (blood pH) before the blood travels to the organs in the body, this information is taken to the respiratory centre also.

Front 79

Why is the Respiratory centre notified of the CO2, O2 and H2O levels (blood pH) in the blood?

Back 79

a small change in the pH levels have a huge impact on our breathing. The respiratory centre controls the speed and length of our breathing so it must be adapted if the blood pH levels are too high or low. This determines whether we need to hyperventilate or hypoventilate.

Front 80

When pH levels in the blood are too HIGH what doest the respiratory centre cause us to do ?

Back 80

Hyperventilate to excrete more gases in order to balance pH levels to maintain homeostasis. This causes us to breath faster.

Front 81

When pH levels in the blood are too LOW what does the Respiratory centre cause us to do ?

Back 81

Hypoventilate in order for less gas to be excreted. In order to balance pH levels in the blood and maintain homeostasis. This causes us to breath slower

Front 82

Definition : Ventilation rate ?

Back 82

# of breaths per minute.

Front 83

Definition: Tidal Volume

Back 83

Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal quiet breathing.

(500mls inhaled into structures - 350 ONLY reaches the Alveoli )

Front 84

Anatomical Dead space

Back 84

All structures and organs air is entered during inhalation when 500mls is inhaled

Conducting zone - Nasla cavity, Pharynx, Larynx , Trachea.

Front 85

Dead air

Back 85

air inhaled which does not perform gas exchange or eve reach the lungs and alveoli

Front 86

Alveoli ventilation

Back 86

air inhaled 350mls that reaches the alveoli and is involved in gas exchange.

Front 87

Inspiratory Reserve Volume:

Back 87

Amount of EXTRA air inhaled on top of regular inhale.

Front 88

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Back 88

Amount of air exhaled forcefully on top of regular exhale ( 1,200mls)

Front 89

Vital capacity

Back 89

maximum air exhaled from lungs after maximum inhale.

Front 90

Residual Volume

Back 90

air left in lungs after max exhale (1,200mls)

Front 91

Total lung capacity

Back 91

Total / max volume of air held in lungs 6,000mls

Front 92

minute volume

Back 92

volume of gas inhaled or exhaled per minute to and from lungs (350mls)

Front 93

Forced Expiratory Volume

Back 93

measures air a person can exhaled during forced exhale.

Front 94

Define sinus ?

Back 94

a deliberate space or hole in the cancellous bone tissue with a tunnel leading to the outside.

Front 95

What is the job of a sinus?

Back 95

air enters the sinus in order to cleaned, moistened and warmed.

Front 96

Where are the sinuses located ?

Back 96

2 Frontal

2 Ethmoid

1 Sphenoid

2 maxillae

Located in the cancellous bone of each bone.

Front 97

what lines the sinuses ?

Back 97

Mucosa (mucos membrane)

Front 98

The tunnels leading outside of the sinus are lined with what ?

Back 98

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells containing lysosomes.

Front 99

The function of mucos in the lining ?

Back 99

Mucos gathers dust, dirt and microbes and becomes dirty and must be transported out of the sinuses.

Front 100

How is mucos transported out of the sinuses?

Back 100

BLOWING NOSE : cilia transports mucos down the nasal cavity through the internal nares > Larynx > Pharynx > oesophagus.

Front 101

When does inhaled air enter the sinuses ?

Back 101

external nares > vestibules > nasal cavity > sinuses > nasal cavity > internal nares.

Front 102

What does the internal nose consist of ?

Back 102

Roof - Sphenoid and ethmoid bones.

Floor - Maxillae and palatine bones

Walls- Maxillae , Ethmoid and inferior nasal conchae.

Front 103

What does the External Nose consist of ?

Back 103

Bridge - Made of two nasal bones

Walls- Maxillae & Ethmoid

Entire nose - Cartilage Hyalin & fibrous membrane.