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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inspiration |
Air comes in |
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Expiration |
Carbon dioxide is expelled |
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External Respiration |
exchange of gasses between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries |
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Internal Respiration |
the exchange of gasses between blood in systemic capillaries and interstitial fluid |
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Cellular Respiration |
a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. |
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What is the normal breathing rate? |
12-20 breaths per minute |
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Function of: nasal cavities |
filter, warm and moisten air |
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Function of: pharynx |
connects nose and mouth to larynx; also receives food, which passes into esophagus |
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Function of: glotis |
opening that allows air through |
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Function of: epiglotis |
flap of tissue that prevents food from passing down into larynx |
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Function of: larynx |
houses vocal cords, allows for passage of air |
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Function of: vocal cords |
sound production |
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Function of: trachea |
"windpipe" connecting larynx to primary bronchi |
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Function of: cartilage bands of trachea |
c-shaped rings hold open esophogus, faces esophogus, allowing it to expand when swallowing |
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Function of: bronchi |
passage of air to lungs leading to secondary bronchi from trachea |
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Function of: bronchioles |
passage of air into alveoli from bronchi |
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Function of: alveoli |
gas exhange between air and blood |
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Function of: pleura |
produces lubricating serous fluid that allows pleura to slide freely against each other during respiration |
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Function of: thoracic cavity |
protects and holds lungs, heart and other organs |
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Function of: diaphragm |
primary muscle used during respiration process and separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
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Function of: intercostal muscles (ribs) |
allow more air to enter by expanding the thoracic cavity |
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State the role of hairs, cillia and mucus within the air passages. |
nose- hair and cillia act as screening devices trachea & other- cillia beat upward, carrying mucus, dust and occasional bits of food where the accumulation can be swallowed or expelled |
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Compare epithelial tissue types of trachea vs alveoli. |
trachea is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium; alveoli are lined with simple squamous epithelium |
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Explain the role of CO2 in respiration. |
CO2 is a waste exchanged for oxygen in alveolis |
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Explain the role of breathing center in respiration. |
RC's are located in the medulla oblongata, receive controlling signals of neural, chemical and hormonal nature and control the rate and depth of respiration. Send automatic messages to diaphragm through the phrenic nerve and intercostal muscles through intercostal nerves. |
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Explain the role of medulla oblongata in respiration. |
part of the brain that regulates breathing |
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Explain the role of stretch receptors in the wall of alveolus in respiration. |
after forced inhalation, receptors send inhibitory nerve impulses via vagus nerve to respiratory center |
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Explain the role of intercostal muscles (ribs) in respiration. |
raise the ribs and expand the chest cavity to allow more air in |
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Explain the role of the diaphragm in respiration. |
primary muscle used in respiration; open chest cavity by moving down to allow air in, then push air out when it moves back up |
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Tidal Volume |
amount of air in each breath; 500 ml |
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Vital Capacity |
the greatest volume of air that can be expelled after taking the deepest possible breath |
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
Forced inhalation; ~2900 ml |
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Expiratory Reserve |
Forced exhalation; ~1400 ml |
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Residual Volume |
amount always remaining in lungs; ~1000 ml |
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How is ventilation controlled by nervous mechanisms? |
stretch receptors in alveoli send messages to respiratory center in medulla oblongata; which sends messages to diaphragm and intercostal muscles through the phrenic and intercostal nerves |
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How is ventilation controlled by chemical mechanisms? |
most of the CO2 that enters the blood stream combines with water, forming acid, which breaks down and gives off Hydrogen ions; when either hydrogen or CO2 rises, respiratory center increases rate and depth of breathing; when concentration of oxygen decreases, carotid bodies send message to rc and rate and depth increase |
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What is the difference between the pharynx, the larynx, and the glotis? |
pharynx- "throat", connects nasal and oral cavities to larynx larynx- "voice box", passageway between pharynx and trachea glotis- slit between vocal cords, which allows airflow to vibrate and be translated to sound |
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Name the serous membrane lining the thoracic cavity and covering the lungs. |
Pleurae |
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What type of membrane lines body cavities? |
Serous |
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Describe the flow of air into the respiratory system. |
Nasal/oral cavities ---> Pharynx ---> Glotis ---> Larynx ----> Trachea ----> Bronchi ---> Bronchioles ----> Alveoli |
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What is the function of goblet cells? |
produce mucus in the trachea |
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Why don't our lungs collapse? |
residual volume always in lungs; consistent stream of air in and out; pulmonary surfactant coats alveoli, preventing them from closing |
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Describe the condition of the external and intercostal muscles and diaphragm during inspiration. |
they contract intercostal- moves up and out diaphragm- lowers |
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Describe the condition of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm during expiration. |
they relax intercostal- down and in diaphragm- up |
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Describe the pressure of the thoracic cavity during inspiration. |
as volume expands, pressure decreases |
