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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the functions of the nasal cavity? |
air inhaled is warmed by blood capillaries which makes the air, moist, and filtered. Lined with mucous secreting cells which also moisten and filter air. Cilia (nose hairs) line nasal cavity and beat back and fourth to filter out inhaled debris. |
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What is the function of the oral cavity? |
Similar to the functions of the nasal cavity except several of these steps are missed - no cilia, no warming. |
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What are the 2 branches that leave the pharynx? |
the esophagus and the trachea. |
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what tube is the epiglottis situated over? |
trachea |
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where is the larynx located? |
roughly below the pharynx |
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what is the larynx made of? |
made of several pieces of cartilage, the largest being the Adam's apple. |
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what is inside the larynx? |
vocal chords - passing air causes them to vibrate and make sound. |
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what is the main function of the trachea? |
to allow air to pass from the pharynx to the lungs. |
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what prevents the trachea from collapsing? |
tough, flexible, c-shaped rings of cartilage |
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what is the trachea lined with? |
lined with mucous secreting cells, and ciliated cells that beat upwards and sweep mucous and filtered debris out. |
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what is the top half of the respiratory system consist of? |
nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea |
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what are bronchi and what is it's purpose? |
-2 branches of the trachea that also contain upward beating cilia. -direct air in the right and left lung |
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what are bronchioles? |
smaller branches of the bronchi that ensure inhaled air reaches all parts of the lung |
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what is anaphylactic shock? |
result from a severe allergic reaction. - muscles around the bronchi and bronchioles swell severely and constrict air flow to the lungs. |
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what are alveoli? |
a cluster of tiny hallow sacs at the end of the bronchioles (grapes) that are surrounded by capillaries. Are the actual site of gas exchange |
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what happens during gas exchange within the alveoli? |
oxygen gas passes from the air to the blood, and carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the air |
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what is the respiratory membrane? |
the wall of the alveoli and the wall fo the capillary. It is only 1 cell thick, so inhaled air is extremely close to the blood. the surface of this membrane is moist to help with diffusion of gases in both directions across the membrane (surfactant) |
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what is the total surface of a human lung roughly compared to? |
half of a tennis court |
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how many lung lobes do the left and right lungs have? |
left - 2 right - 3 |
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what is the bottom part of your respiratory system consist of? |
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries, diaphragm |
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what is your diaphragm? |
large muscle stretched across the bottom f your thoracic cavity. follows the bottom of your ribs. -contracts and flattens when you breathe in -relaxes and curves up when you exhale |
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is breathing an involuntary activity? |
yes |
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How is your breathing controlled? |
it is controlled by a negative feedback loop that keeps the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the blood relatively constant. |
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what is the function of the mudula oblongata? |
controls vital mechanisms like breathing and heart rate. |
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where is the mudula oblongata located in the body? |
back and bottom of brain |
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what detects the changes in the pH of the blood? |
chemoreceptors, which are sensitive to the levels of gases in the blood, especially the level of carbon dioxide. |
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What pH is blood that is high in carbon dioxide? |
pH lower than the norm of 7.4 |
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what causes the mudula oblongata to relay messages to the muscles of the diaphragm and rib cage to stimulate breathing? |
The drop in pH in the blood |
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what does breathing do? |
helps to expel excess carbon dioxide, and so restores the pH of the blood to normal. |
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what is homeostasis? |
the state of constancy in an organism's internal environment despite changes in the external environment. |
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Tidal Volume |
volume of air that passes into and out of the lungs in one breathe (normal breathing) |
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inspiratory reserve volume |
addition volume of air that lungs can take in during a deep breathe |
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expiratory reserve volume |
volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after tidal exhalation |
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residual volume |
amount of air that lungs retain after maximal expiration |
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vital capacity |
maximum amount of air that the respiratory system can expel without impairing lung function |
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total lung capacity |
maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold |
