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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the respiratory system? |
- Delivers oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs - Is involved in gaseous exchange - Is involved in speech - Is involved in sense of smell |
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Name the structures of the respiratory system? (11) |
- Nose & Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, diaphragm, ribs and the pleura & Pleural cavity. |
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List the process in which the air moves from the nose. |
Nose -> Pharynx & Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchus -> Into lungs -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli |
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Explain what occurs/ happens in the nose |
- Provides initial passageway for air entering the body - Air is warmed and moistened - Air is also filtered by cilia which lines the whole of the respiratory passage |
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Explain what occurs/happens in the Pharynx (throat) |
- Air is passed through the pharynx and then to the larynx (voice box), with the same methods used as the nose. |
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Explain what occurs/happens in the Trachea (windpipe) & what it is |
- Hollow tube that is strengthened and kept open by rings of cartilage - Provides supported passageway for air to pass into the lungs |
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Explain the structures in the Bronchi- Bronchioles- Alveoli (the answer is really long so i recommend you try to get an understanding of it & then answer it) |
- Trachea subdivides into two tubes - the right and left bronchus. These lead into both lungs, one entering the left and the other right. - Bronchi then subdivide into smaller branches called bronchioles and are only 1mm in diameter. - Bronchioles then subdivide into tiny air sacs called alveoli – the alveoli are the site of gas exchange between external air and blood (external respiration). There are approximately 300 million alveoli in the lungs. The walls of the alveoli are extremely thin, with a network of capillaries surrounding each like a string bag. This is where O2 is exchanged for CO2 from the bloodstream. |
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Explain the structure of the lungs; |
- Each lung (right and left) contains bronchi, bronchioles, and many alveoli - The lungs are covered by two membranes (pleural cavity) with a fluid called pleura contained within. - This allows the lungs to expand and contract continually without any friction. |
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What does lung volumes and capacities involve? |
Tidal volume (TD), Inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, vital capacity (VC), and residual volume. |
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What is tidal volume (TV)? |
Tidal volume is the amount of air that we inspire or expire with each breath during normal quiet breathing. (Averages around 500ml of air.) |
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What is inspiratory reserve? |
Inspiratory reserve is the amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath. |
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What is expiratory reserve? |
Expiratory reserve is the amount of air that can be expired following a normal breath. |
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What is vital capacity (VC)? |
The maximum amount of air that can be breathed in or out in one breath with the deepest inspiration and most forceful expiration. (Averages around 5L of air) |
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What is residual volume and why is it necessary? |
Residual volume is the remaining air in the lungs after maximum expiration. This is necessary to prevent the lungs from collapsing completely |
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What is total lung capacity? and what is it's formula? |
Total lung capacity is the total amount of air in the lungs and the end on a maximal inspiration The formula = VC + RC |
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What factors can affect lung capacity? |
- Body size - Sex - Fitness levels - Age - Smoking |
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What is breathing, what is it controlled by and what is the process called? |
Breathing is the process by which air is moved in and out of the lungs. It is controlled by the brain and is called pulmonary ventilation. |
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What are the two phases of breathing? |
Inspiration and expiration |
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What is inspiration? |
Breathing in |
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What is expiration? |
Breathing out |
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What causes air to move in and out of the lungs? |
Air moves in and out of the lungs because of the difference of air pressure inside and outside of the lungs - Differences in pressure forces air into our lungs when we inhale and forces air out when we exhale. |
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What structures in the body help the process of air moving in and out of the lungs? |
The pressure difference is caused by the diaphragm changing shape. |
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What happens to the body when inspiration (breathing in) occurs? |
- Diaphragm contracts and flattens - Intercostal muscles lift ribs outwards and upward - This increases the size of the chest cavity and causes a decrease in the air pressure in the chest cavity. - This causes air to rush into the lungs from the atmosphere because gases like to flow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. |
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What happens to the body when expiration (breathing out) occurs? |
- Diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards - Intercostal muscles allow ribs to return to resting position - Volume of chest cavity is decreased, which increases the air pressure inside the lungs. - Air is forces out to make the pressures inside and outside the lungs about equal. |
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What does gas exchange refer to? |
Gas exchange refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body |
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Where does gas exchange occur in the body? and what are the 2 processes called |
Gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and the RBC (red blood cells) and between the RBC and the cell. These 2 processes are called external respiration and internal respiration depending upon the location they occur within the body. |
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What happens with external respiration within alveoli RBC |
- Oxygen passes through the alveoli wall - through the capillary wall - enters the plasma in the blood - Passes through the RBC membrane - Joins with haemoglobin in the RBC - Forms oxyhaemoglobin Note; carbon dioxide goes through a similar process except in the opposite direction. |
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What happens with internal respiration within the RBC and cells. |
- Oxygen moves through membrane of RBC - Into the plasma - Through the capillary walls - Through the membrane - Into the cell Note; Carbon dioxide does through a similar process except in the opposite direction |
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What is respiration? hint; release of energy |
- Energy is released inside a cell when glucose and oxygen are converted to CO2 & H20 |
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Where does cellular respiration occur? |
Cellular respiration occurs within the mitochondria. |
