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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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-Supplies oxygen to cells and eliminates carbon dioxide
- Helps regulate blood pH - Filters inhaled air - Produces sounds - Rids body of some water and heat |
Functions of the Respiratory System
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? is the classification that divides the respiratory system into an upper and lower respiratory system
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Structurally
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? ? ? includes nose, pharynx, and larynx
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Upper respiratory system
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? ? ? includes trachea, bronchi, and lungs
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Lower respiratory system
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? is the classification that divides respiratory system into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone
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Functionally
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? ? includes all the cavities and tubes that filter, warm, and moisten air and bring it to the lungs
Includes all structures except the alveoli |
Conducting zone
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? ? where gas exchange takes place
- Includes alveoli! |
Functional zone
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1. Warming, moistening, and filtering inhaled air
2. Detecting olfactory stimuli (smells) 3. Modifying the voice |
External nose functions
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? ? is made of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage for flexibility
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External nose
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? ? lined by mucous membranes like much of the respiratory tract
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External nose
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the two ? ? open into the nasal cavity, which comprises the internal nose
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external nares
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the internal nose is divided internally by the ? ? into right and left sides
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nasal septum
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During inhalation air is first drawn into the ? the area just inside the nares. Air then passes over the ?
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vestibule; conchae
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? are shelves that extend from the walls of the nasal cavity
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conchae
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There are 3 conchae:
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superior, middle and inferior conchae
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The 3 openings between the conchae are called...
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Superior, middle and inferior meatuses
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The ? serve to increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
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conchae
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The ? help warm the air as it is inhaled and also trap water during exhalation to prevent dehydration
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conchae
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? ? are found on the superior nasal conchae
they are responsible for detecting smells |
Olfactory receptors
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the nasal cavity is lines with a mucous membrane which contains the ? and the ??
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cilia and the goblet cells
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? (hair-like projections to trap dirt and dust
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Cilia
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? ? are used to secrete mucus, which also traps dirt and bacteria
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Goblet cells
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The back of the nasal cavity is connected to the pharynx by the ? ?
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internal nares
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? Begins at the internal nares and extends to the larynx
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pharynx
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Serves as a passageway for air and further on for food
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pharynx
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The pharynx is divided into 3 regions
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Nasopharynx
Oropharynx Laryngopharynx |
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? extends from the internal nares to the soft palate behind the roof of the mouth
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nasopharynx
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? extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone
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oropharynx
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? (also called the hypopharynx) extend from the level of hyoid bone to the esophagus and larynx
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laryngopharynx
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? connects the laryngopharynx to the trachea
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Larynx
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Located anterior to the esophagus at the level of the 4th through the 6th cervical vertebrae
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Larynx
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The larynx is composed of nine pieces of cartilage among them are: these 2
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Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis |
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Adams apple
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Thyroid cartilage
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This covers the larynx during swallowing
it assures that foods enter the esophagus instead of the airways |
Epiglottis
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Folds of mucous membranes that produce speech are in the ?
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larynx
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Superior pair of mucous membranes in the larynx are called ? ? ?
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False vocal cords
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Inferior pair of mucous membranes are called the ? ? ?
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true vocal cords
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Both of these are responsible for speech ? & ? ? ?
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False and true vocal cords
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Vocal cords are attached to ligaments which are attached to ? ?
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laryngeal muscles
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When the muscles of the vocal cords are ? & ? then sound is produced
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stretched and vibrate
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More tension = ? pitch
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higher pitch
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less tension = ? pitch
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lower pitch
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vocal cords are ? in males and vibrate more slowly.
This is why they normally have deeper voices than women. |
thicker
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Sound originates from the vocal cords then travels through the ? ? ? and ?
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mouth, nasal cavity and sinuses
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these 3 things act as resonating chambers they give your voice more "character" or "richness"
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mouth, nasal cavity and sinuses
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? ? and ? move in different positions to produce recognizable speech
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Lips, tongue and teeth
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? ? control pitch or tone of your voice
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Vocal cords
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? are formed in the pharynx and mouth
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Vowels
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? are formed by your lips, tongue and teeth
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consonants
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?, ? and ? provide resonance
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Mouth, nose and sinuses
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? brings air from the larynx into the bronchi
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Trachea
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? is also located anterior to the esophagus
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Trachea
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Trachea is lined with ? ? ? ?.
it contains ciliated cells and goblets to produce mucus |
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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The outside of the trachea is lined with ? ? ? of hyaline cartilage for structure and protection.
This allows expansion of the esophagus during swallowing |
C-shaped rings
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The trachea divides into a ? ? and ? ? ? which enters the lungs
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right primary & left primary bronchus
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After entering the lungs Bronchi divide to form ? or ? ?
These enter the lobes of the lungs(2 in the left and 3 in the right lung) |
secondary or lobar bronchi
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These bronchi branch into ? ? which divide into bronchioles
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tertiary bronchi
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Until this point the bronchi are surrounded by cartilage; the ? are the first branch of the airway that aren't
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Bronchioles
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Bronchioles branch off of one another; just before they reach the alveoli.
? ? become ? ? and ? ? enter the alveoli |
terminal bronchioles,
respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts |
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all of this branching of airways is referred to the ? ?
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bronchial tree
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Altogether, the respiratory system undergoes around # divisions from the trachea to the alveolar ducts
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25
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Trachea > primary bronchi >Secondary branch > Tertiary branch > Bronchioles > Terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > Alveolar ducts
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Summary of respiratory system
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Like the heart they are covered in serous membrane
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lungs
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Membranes surrounding the lungs are called ?
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pleura
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? ? lines the thoracic cavity
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Parietal pleura
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? ? covers the lungs
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Visceral pleura
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? ? is found in between to lubricate and cushion the lungs
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Pleural fluid
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The lungs begin just superior to the ? and extend to the ?
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clavicles
diaphragm |
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The lungs are divided into ? which are further divided into ?
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lobes
lobules |
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the left lung has only 2 lobes and a ? ? to accomadate the heart which points left
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cardiac notch
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These begin where the alveolar ducts end
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Alveoli
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? are cup-shaped structures made of simple squamous epithelium and a basement membrane
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Alveoli
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This is where the gas exchange takes place inside the lungs
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Alveoli
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Alveoli can be singular or grouped in ? ? around and alveolar duct
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alveolar sacs
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There are approximately ??? million alveoli in the lungs
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300
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this provides a surface area of ??? ft^2(about the size of football field) for gas exchange to take place
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750 ft^2
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Alveoli contains two types of cells
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Type I alveolar cells
Type II alveolar cells |
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these cells line the walls of the alveolus
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Type I alveolar cells
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These cells secrete surfactant
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Type II alveolar cells
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? is a mixture of lipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli.
this keeps the alveoli from collapsing during respiration |
Surfactant
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Underneath the basement membrane of the alveoli are the ? ?
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pulmonary capillaries
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? & ? ? are exchanged in the pulmonary capillaries
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide
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? behaves like a liquid; it always moves from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure
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Air
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? & ? have an inverse relationship; when one goes up, the other goes down and vice versa
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Pressure and Volume
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During ? the diaphragm contracts and moves downward
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inhalation
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Inhalation ? the volume of the thoracic cavity and ? the pressure inside it
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increases
decreases |
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The lungs stick to the walls of the ? ? because of the pleural fluid
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thoracic fluid
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Since air flows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure... air moves from the ? into the lung
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outside
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During ? the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
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exhalation
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This means the pressure inside the lungs ? and is greater than the pressure of the outside air
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increases
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So, air flows from ? the lungs to the outside
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inside
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The air we breathe is a mixture of several different gases including ? ? ?? & ?
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nitrogen, oxygen, Carbon dioxide and others
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We need to be able to obtain oxygen for our cells and get rid of ? ?
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carbon dioxide
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These are transported in the blood and ? ? takes place in the pulmonary capillaries around the alveoli
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gas exchange
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Each gas we breathe has its own ? ?
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partial pressure
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? ? means that EX: O2 flows from areas with more O2 to areas with less O2
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partial pressure
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The body's cells are constantly getting rid of CO2 and this diffuses into the blood in the ? ?
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systemic circulation
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The blood has more ? ? than ? so it's considered deoxygenated and returns to the heart through the venules
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carbon dioxide than oxygen
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When this blood reaches the capillaries of the lungs the ? ? of co2 inside the blood is greater than outside the air. So the co2 diffuses into the air that we exhale
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partial pressure
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Nearly all oxygen and about 23% of the co2 is bound to to hemoglobin in the ???
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RBC's
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Some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the ?
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plasma
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the majority (70%) is on the plasma in the form of ? ?
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bicarbonate ions
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? can combine with hydrogen ions to produce carbonic acid, which can then dissociate into carbon dioxide and water
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Bicarbonate
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Since it can bind to free hydrogen, bicarbonate helps to regulate the ?? in the blood
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pH
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A measure of hydrogen concentration is called
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pH
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the volume of air during a normal breath is called the ? ?
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tidal volume
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The extra inhaled air is the ? ? ?
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inspiratory reserve volume
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The extra exhaled air is the ? ? ?
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expiratory reserve volume
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Even after exhalation, some air remains in the alveoli and the airways, since the pressure is equal to the outside air pressure
This "dead air" is called the ? ? |
residual volume
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Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume = ? ? (all the air you can inhale at one time)
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inspiratory capacity
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Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume = ? ? (all the air you ever use to keep yourself alive)
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vital capacity
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Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume = ? ? ? (all the air you can ever exhale at once)
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Functional residual capacity
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Everything added together = ? ?
? (all the air you can ever have in your airways) |
total lung capacity
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