Respiratory System

Front 1

Fick's Law of Diffusion

Back 1

Q=DA(C1-C2)/l where A is surface area, C is concentration, l is path length, and D is a constant. Q is rate of diffusion.

Front 2

Why is air better for gas exchange?

Back 2

Has a better diffusion constant, higher oxygen content, and is less dense

Front 3

Problems with fish respiration

Back 3

Oxygen content decreases as temperature of water increases. Metabolic rate of fish increases in warm water.

Front 4

Anatomy of Fish gills

Back 4

Gill arches support gills and are located under opercular flaps.Gill filaments are attached to gill arches, nd are covered in lamellae. This contributes to high surface area.

Front 5

counter current exchange in gills

Back 5

water flows unidirectionally. countercurrent exchange maximizes the oxygen gradient between water and blood.

Front 6

Avian respiratory system

Back 6

Unidirectional air flow and lack of dead space. Air sacs and hollow bones. Air flows into trachea, into bronchi, parabronchi, and air capillaries.

Front 7

Function of air sacs in birds

Back 7

Fill with each breath and act as bellows to keep air flowing throughout system. Each breath remains in bird for two cycles.

Front 8

Pleural Membranes

Back 8

Line the part of the thoracic cavity containing the lungs

Front 9

Tidal Volume

Back 9

The normal amount of air exchanged in breathing when at rest.

Front 10

Expiratory Reserve

Back 10

Volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled

Front 11

Residual Volume

Back 11

Amount of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation

Front 12

Inspiratory Reserve Volumes

Back 12

Additional capacity of the lungs that requires the deepest breath

Front 13

Vital capacity

Back 13

inspiratory reserve volume+expiratory reserve volume

Front 14

Total lung capacity

Back 14

Vital capacity +residual volume

Front 15

Air Pathway in humans

Back 15

pharynx to larynx to trachea to bornchi to bronchioles to alveoli

Front 16

mucus escalator

Back 16

Cilia sweep bits of debris out of lungs

Front 17

surfactants in lungs

Back 17

reduce surface tension of a liquid. Allow lungs to expand with ease

Front 18

Process of inhalation

Back 18

diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity expands, intrapleaural pressure becomes more negative. Lungs expand.

Front 19

Process of exhalation

Back 19

Diaphragm relaxes. Thoracic cavity collapses, intrapleural pressure becomes less negative. Lungs contract.

Front 20

Intercostal muscles

Back 20

pull the ribs upward to expand the lungs. Push the ribs downward to contract the lungs

Front 21

Calculation of FRV using Fick Principle

Back 21

-[He]i *Vspir=[He}f(Vspir+FRV)

Front 22

Hemoglobin

Back 22

Four subunits, each with a heme group.2 alpha and 2 beta chains

Front 23

Fetal Hemaglobin

Back 23

2 alpha and 2 gamma chains. Binds DPG less well and therefore has a higher affinity for oxygen.

Front 24

Myoglobin in humans

Back 24

Located in muscles. Has a higher oxygen affinity than hemoglobin.

Front 25

Bohr effect

Back 25

The effect of hydrogen ions on the oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin. Acidity releases teh affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

Front 26

BPG

Back 26

A metabolite of glycolysis. Lowers the affinity for oxygen of hemoglobin.

Front 27

Carbon dioxide in the blood

Back 27

Transported as bicarbonate ion. Carbonic anhydrase in the endothelial linings of cells speeds this process. Carbonic anhydrase reverses this process in the lungs. Some is also transported as carbon dioxide gas and as carbamino compounds.

Front 28

Regulation of breathing

Back 28

regulated by the ANS and the brainstem.

Front 29

Feedback information for breathing

Back 29

chemorecpetors on the surface of the medulla are sensitive to the carbon dioxide content and pH of blood.

Front 30

Hering Breuer Reflexes

Back 30

Stretch receptors in walls of lungs, cause reflex exhalation

Front 31

Chemoreceptors on Medulla

Back 31

On ventral side and in contact with cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 32

Chemoreceptors on aorta and carotid artery

Back 32

Sensitive to oxygen content of blood.

Front 33

Cheyne stokes breathing

Back 33

alternating periods of slow and rapid breathing. Caused by low CO2 due to poor diffusion gradient.

Front 34

Effects of diving on respiration

Back 34

Nitrogen narcosis; caused by nitrogen in nerve cell membranes. Bends: nitrogen bubbles out of solution

Front 35

Diving bracycardia

Back 35

Marine mammals lower their heart rates when they dive