Respiratory System

Front 1

a system supplying the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide

Back 1

The respiratory system

Front 2

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Back 2

pulmonary ventilation

Front 3

movement of oxygen from the lungs to the boold and of co2 from the blood to the lungs

Back 3

external respiration

Front 4

movement of o2 from blood to the tissue cells and of co2 from tissue cells to blood.

Back 4

internal respiration

Front 5

nose and nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs and alveoli

Back 5

organs of the respiratory system

Front 6

connects the nasal cavity and mouth with the larynx and esophagus
called throat
13cm long
3 regions
nasopharnyx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Back 6

pharynx

Front 7

voice box
routing of food into the esophagus
responsible for voice production
routing of air into trachea

Back 7

larynx

Front 8

descends from the larynx thru the neck and into the mediastinum
divides into the 2 primary bronchi @ mid thorax
10-12cm long
layers are
mucosa
submucosa
adventitia

Back 8

trachea

Front 9

right and left primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary
bronchiols(under 1 mm)
terminal bronchioles(under 0.5mm)

Back 9

the bronchial tree

Front 10

The cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage until in the bronchioles no cartilage is present
the mucosal epithelium thisn as it changes from psuedostratified columnar to columnar and then cuboidal epithlium in the terminal broncholes.
the relative amount of smooth muscle increases as the passageways become smaler.

Back 10

structural changes of the bronchial tree

Front 11

presence of alveoli
respiratory membrane

Back 11

the respiratory zone

Front 12

the pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Back 12

intrapulmonary pressure

Front 13

the pressure within the pleural cavity

Back 13

intrapleural pressure

Front 14

recoil of the lungs
alveolar fluid surface tension

Back 14

lung collasping forces(needed to close lungs so that air can leave)

Front 15

the pressure exerted by the air. at sea level it is 760 mmHg

Back 15

atmoshpheric pressure

Front 16

a system supplying the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide

Back 16

The respiratory system

Front 17

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Back 17

pulmonary ventilation

Front 18

movement of oxygen from the lungs to the boold and of co2 from the blood to the lungs

Back 18

external respiration

Front 19

movement of o2 from blood to the tissue cells and of co2 from tissue cells to blood.

Back 19

internal respiration

Front 20

nose and nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs and alveoli

Back 20

organs of the respiratory system

Front 21

connects the nasal cavity and mouth with the larynx and esophagus
called throat
13cm long
3 regions
nasopharnyx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Back 21

pharynx

Front 22

voice box
routing of food into the esophagus
responsible for voice production
routing of air into trachea

Back 22

larynx

Front 23

descends from the laryns thru the neck and into the mediastinum
divides into the 2 primary bronchi @ mid thorax
10-12cm long
layers are
mucosa
submucosa
adventitia

Back 23

trachea

Front 24

right and left primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary
bronchiols(under 1 mm)
terminal bronchioles(under 0.5mm)

Back 24

the bronchial tree

Front 25

The cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage until in the bronchioles no cartilage is present
the mucosal epithelium thisn as it changes from psuedostratified columnar to columnar and then cuboidal epithlium in the terminal broncholes.
the relative amount of smooth muscle increases as the passageways become smaler.

Back 25

structural changes of the bronchial tree

Front 26

presence of alveoli
respiratory membrane

Back 26

the respiratory zone

Front 27

the pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Back 27

intrapulmonary pressure

Front 28

the pressure within the pleural cavity

Back 28

intrapleural pressure

Front 29

recoil of the lungs
alveolar fluid surface tension

Back 29

lung collasping forces(needed to close lungs so that air can leave)

Front 30

the pressure exerted by the air. at sea level it is 760 mmHg

Back 30

atmoshpheric pressure

Front 31

a system supplying the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide

Back 31

The respiratory system

Front 32

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Back 32

pulmonary ventilation

Front 33

movement of oxygen from the lungs to the boold and of co2 from the blood to the lungs

Back 33

external respiration

Front 34

movement of o2 from blood to the tissue cells and of co2 from tissue cells to blood.

Back 34

internal respiration

Front 35

nose and nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs and alveoli

Back 35

organs of the respiratory system

Front 36

connects the nasal cavity and mouth with the larynx and esophagus
called throat
13cm long
3 regions
nasopharnyx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Back 36

pharynx

Front 37

voice box
routing of food into the esophagus
responsible for voice production
routing of air into trachea

Back 37

larynx

Front 38

descends from the laryns thru the neck and into the mediastinum
divides into the 2 primary bronchi @ mid thorax
10-12cm long
layers are
mucosa
submucosa
adventitia

Back 38

trachea

Front 39

right and left primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary
bronchiols(under 1 mm)
terminal bronchioles(under 0.5mm)

Back 39

the bronchial tree

Front 40

The cartilage rings are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage until in the bronchioles no cartilage is present
the mucosal epithelium thisn as it changes from psuedostratified columnar to columnar and then cuboidal epithlium in the terminal broncholes.
the relative amount of smooth muscle increases as the passageways become smaler.

Back 40

structural changes of the bronchial tree

Front 41

presence of alveoli
respiratory membrane

Back 41

the respiratory zone

Front 42

the pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Back 42

intrapulmonary pressure

Front 43

the pressure within the pleural cavity

Back 43

intrapleural pressure

Front 44

recoil of the lungs
alveolar fluid surface tension

Back 44

lung collasping forces(needed to close lungs so that air can leave)

Front 45

the pressure exerted by the air. at sea level it is 760 mmHg

Back 45

atmoshpheric pressure

Front 46

holding temp constant, volume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional

Back 46

boyles law

Front 47

occurs due to the inpiratory muscles contracting increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
Diaphram moves inferiorly and flattens out
Intercostals contracts pulling the rib cage up and out

Back 47

inspiration

Front 48

a passive process
dependent on the natural elasticity of the lungs
inspiratory muscles relax allwoing the rib cage to descend and the lungs to recoil

Back 48

expiration

Front 49

contraction of abdominal wall muscles
increases the intra abdominal pressure
depresses the rib cage

Back 49

forced expiration

Front 50

respiratory passageway resistance
lung compliance
alveolar surface tension forces

Back 50

physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation

Front 51

the ease with which the lungs can be expanded
distension is required for normal inspiration
recoil is essential for normal expiration

Back 51

lung compliance

Front 52

a gas-liquid boundary
liquid molecules are more strongly attracted to each other than to a gas

Back 52

alveolar surface tension forces

Front 53

draws liquid molecules closely together and reduced overall contact with gas molecules
resists any force that tend to incease the area of the surface

Back 53

surface tension

Front 54

a detergent like lipoprotein
produced by type2 alveolar cells
reduced alveolar surface tension
BREAKS UP SURFACE TENSION LETTING THE LUNGS RECOIL

Back 54

surfactant

Front 55

volume changes during normal quiet breathing

Back 55

Tidal volume (tv)

Front 56

volume of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume

Back 56

Inspiratory reserve(IVR)

Front 57

the amount of air that can be evactuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration

Back 57

expiratory reserve(ERV)

Front 58

air remaining in the lungs after strenuous expiration

Back 58

residual volume (RV)

Front 59

total volume of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration TV+IRV

Back 59

inspiratory capacity

Front 60

the combined residual and expiratory reserve volumes...volume of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration

Back 60

functional residual capacity

Front 61

holding temp constant, colume and pressure of a gas are inversely proportional

Back 61

boyles law

Front 62

occurs due to the inpiratory muscles contracting increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
Diaphram moves inferiorly and flattens out
Intercostals contracts pulling the rib cage up and out

Back 62

inspiration

Front 63

a passive process
dependent on the natural elasticity of the lungs
inspiratory muscles relax allwoing the rib cage to descend and the lungs to recoil

Back 63

expiration

Front 64

contraction of abdominal wall muscles
increases the intra abdominal pressure
depresses the rib cage

Back 64

forced expiration

Front 65

respiratory passageway resistance
lung compliance
alveolar surface tension forces

Back 65

physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation

Front 66

the ease with which the lungs can be expanded
distension is required for normal inspiration
recoil is essential for normal expiration

Back 66

lung compliance

Front 67

a gas-liquid boundary
liquid molecules are more strongly attracted to each other than to a gas

Back 67

alveolar surface tension forces

Front 68

draws liquid molecules closely together and reduced overall contact with gas molecules
resists any force that tend to incease the area of the surface

Back 68

surface tension

Front 69

a detergent like lipoprotein
produced by type2 alveolar cells
reduced alveolar surface tension
BREAKS UP SURFACE TENSION LETTING THE LUNGS RECOIL

Back 69

surfactant

Front 70

volume changes during normal quiet breathing

Back 70

Tidal volume (tv)

Front 71

volume of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume

Back 71

Inspiratory reserve(IVR)

Front 72

the amount of air that can be evactuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration

Back 72

expiratory reserve(ERV)

Front 73

air remaining in the lungs after strenuous expiration

Back 73

residual volume (RV)

Front 74

total volume of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration TV+IRV

Back 74

inspiratory capacity

Front 75

the combined residual and expiratory expiration...volume of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration

Back 75

functional residual capacity

Front 76

the total volume of exchangeable air. the sum of the tidal, Ispiratory reserve and the expiratory reserve volumes

Back 76

vital capacity

Front 77

the sum of all lung volumes
6000ml

Back 77

total lung capacity

Front 78

total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas in the mixture

Back 78

Daltons law of partial pressure

Front 79

increased levels of co2 and h2o vapors and much less o2
o2 diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood and co2 diffuses in the opposite direction
mixing of gas that occurs with each breath causing the alveolar to become constant

Back 79

alveolar gas composition

Front 80

partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
thickness of the respiratory membrane
pulmonary gas exchange

Back 80

what determines external respiration

Front 81

o2 is carried in the blood by

Back 81

hemoglobin
plamsa

Front 82

oxyhemoglobin

Back 82

hbo2

Front 83

deoxyhemoglobin

Back 83

HHb

Front 84

when all 4 heme groups are bound to o2 a hemoglobin molecule is saidto be

Back 84

fully saturated

Front 85

when 1, 2,3, o2 molecules are bound, hemoglobin is

Back 85

partially saturated

Front 86

the lower the PO2 and the hemoglobin saturation with o2 the more co2 that can be carried in the blood.

Back 86

haldane effect

Front 87

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
respiratory ventilation provides a fast acting system to adjust blood ph

Back 87

influence of co2 on blood ph

Front 88

pacesetting respiratory center
named the inspiratory center
sends a burst of nerve impulses along the phrenic and intercostal nerves to excite the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
due to nueral excitation the thorax expands and air rushes into the lungs
respiratory rate of 12-15 breaths per minute

Back 88

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Front 89

contains a more even mix of neurons
its role is mainly during forced breathing

Back 89

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Front 90

pons centers can influence and modify the activity of medullary neurons
called
pneumotaxic center
slows things down

Back 90

Pons respiratory centers

Front 91

pulmonary irritant reflexes
Hering breuer reflex
hypothalmic controls
cortical controls
chemical factors
chemorecptors

Back 91

factors influencing the rate and depth of breathing

Front 92

most potent
arterial pco2 is 40mmhg and is mantained withing +,- 3 mmhg

Back 92

PCO2

Front 93

leads to hyperventilation

Back 93

hypercapnia(high co2 levels)

Front 94

leads to hypoventilation and can result in apnea

Back 94

hyporcapnia(low CO2 levels)

Front 95

found in aortic bodies and carotid bodies

Back 95

peripheral chemoreceptors

Front 96

squamous cells that form the major part of the alveolar wall

Back 96

type 1 alveolar cells

Front 97

secrete a fluid containg surfactant that coats the gas exposed alveolar surfaces

Back 97

type 2 alveolar cells

Front 98

warms, moistens and filters air

Back 98

nose

Front 99

house respiratory passages smaller than the primary bronchi

Back 99

lungs

Front 100

protruding medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity are 3 scroll like mucosa covered projections

Back 100

superior,middle, inferior conchae

Front 101

groove inferior to each concha is

Back 101

meatus

Front 102

the nasal cavity is surrounded by a ring of

Back 102

paranasal sinuses

Front 103

serves only as an air passageway.

Back 103

nasopharynx

Front 104

marks the point where the trachea branches into the 2 primary bronchi

Back 104

carina

Front 105

thin walled air sacs

Back 105

alveoli

Front 106

the respiratory zone begins as the terminal bronchioles feed into the

Back 106

respiratory bronchioles

Front 107

the respiratory bronchioles lead into

Back 107

alveolar ducts

Front 108

a concavity in the left lung
molded to accomodate the heart

Back 108

cardiac notch

Front 109

the difference between the intrapulmonary and the intraplueral pressures

Back 109

transpulmonary pressure

Front 110

the alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae form the

Back 110

respiratory membrane

Front 111

an air-blood barrier that has gas on one side and blood flowing past on the other

Back 111

respiratory membrane

Front 112

stimulate a cough when present in the trachea or a sneeze when present in the nasal cavity

Back 112

pulmonary irritant reflex

Front 113

as the lungs recoil the stretch receptors become quiet and inspiration is initiated once again

Back 113

inflation or heringBreuer reflex

Front 114

normal respiratory rate and rhythm is

Back 114

eupnea