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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Primary Functions of the
Respiratory System |
1. Exchange of O2 & CO2
2. Delivery of O2 to tissues 3. Elimination of CO2 4. Maintain ABB - acid base balance |
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What happens at the alveoli?
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Place where O2 & CO2 exchange takes place
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Respiration
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exchange of O2 & CO@ at the aveoli level
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Ventilation
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movement of air in and out of the lungs
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Inspiration
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1st part of ventilation
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Expiration
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2nd part of ventilation
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T/V = Tidal Volume
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measures the volume/amount of air that is inspired or exhaled by ventilation
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PVT = Pulmonary Function Test
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500cc to 700cc normal adult
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Residual Volume
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what is left in the lungs that should be there.
*if not getting it all out residual #'s go up |
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Diffusion
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The actually transport of O2 to the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries then pick up by the blood system to be oxygenated...most important is oxygenated blood gets to the rest of the body
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Ventilation problem could mean
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an obstruction
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Perfusion problem could mean
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a PE = pulmonary embolism
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Perfusion
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Vascular component of respiratory
*blood flow thru pulmonary capillaries *blood flow goes from Rt. side of heart thru pulmonary circulation to the left side of heart |
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VQ/VP match
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is normal match
normal ventilation (air intake) & normal perfusion (normal circulatory of O2 blood) |
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Hypoxemia
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PA O2 is less than 80%
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ABG
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is where you measure the PA O2
80 - 100 N |
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PA O2 (blood gas)
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measuring arterial blood gas
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*HALLMARK*
Test for respiratory status |
ABG
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Hypoxia
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cells are being deprived of O2
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*HALLMARK*
Signs of hypoxia |
*aggitated, restlessness, anxiety
*tachycardia (increased heart rate) |
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Physiological conditions that cause shifts of oxygen = shifts to RIGHT
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*decreased PH
*+ temp; + CO2; + DPG's(proteins in blood related to RBC production) |
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Oxygen shifts to RIGHT
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tells that there is more available O2 for cells & tissues
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Oxygen shifts to LEFT
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+PH; decrease temp, decrease CO2
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Oxygen shifts to LEFT
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less oxygen readily available to cells and tissues but more oxygen flow is going to lungs
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*HALLMARK*
What number is problematic for PAO2? |
60
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Lung Compliance
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Suppose to expand
* Big for O2 * Smaller for CO2 |
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Elasticity
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ability to return to their normal size
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Recoil
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What the lungs normally do on expiration
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SAO2 = Pulse Ox
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95 - 100 N
When O2 & hemoglobin are attracted to one another ...bond together |
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What is included in the Respiratory System?
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* Nose
*Sinuses *Pharynx *Larynx(voice box) |
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Main function of the Upper Respiratory system is:
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warm; filter; and humidify inhaled air
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Lower respiratory System
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Trachea
mediastinium R. bronchus l bronchus bronchioles smaller bronchial tubes alveolar ducts alveoli |
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Septa
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separations between the alveoli - problamatic
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Cilia
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catch dust & hairlike projection.
Move things up & down |
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Globlet Cells
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produce mucus
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Viscus
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Sticky mucus
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Pt has a larnyx problem
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its a ventilation problem
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Pt has a pulmonary capillary problem
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it's a perfusion problem
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Alveoli
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look like grapes
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Pulmonary Capillaries
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"fish net"
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Pulmonary Membrane
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different levels
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Surfactant layer
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*protein that keeps the alveoli open
* protein responsible for decreased surface tension *maintaining alveolar patency |
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Where are the lungs located?
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Pleural space
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Left Lung
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2 lobes
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Right Lung
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3 Lobes
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Intra-pleural pressure is:
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*air tight
*negative pressure |
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If air tight space is punctured
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You will get a collapsed lung
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Pleural Space
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*visceral sac
*parietal sac |
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Visceral Sac- inner
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*surrounds each lung
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Parietal Sac - outer
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*surrounds chest wall
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Fluid space prevents
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FRICTION
10cc's of fluid in pleural space |
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Supportive Structures
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*rib cage
*sternum *manubrium *body of sternum *Xiphoid |
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Vascular System of the Lungs
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*pulmonary arteries
*pulmonary veins |
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Pulmonary Arteries
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*deliver blood to the lungs for oxygenation
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Pulmonary Veins
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*deliver oxygenated blood to the heart
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PE
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*is usually a pulmonary artery problem
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Mechanics of respiration
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*takes place as a result of pressure gradients btw alveoli, intraplueral; atmospheric air
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Intra-Pulmonary plueral Pressure< atomspheric air
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*HALLMARK*
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WOB
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work of breathing
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Inspiration
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ACTIVE
* brings in O2 |
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Expiration
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PASSIVE
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I & E Ratio is?
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1:2
1 - inspiration 2 - expiration |
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INSPIRATION
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*diaphragm contracts, flattens
*Thoracic Cage Expands *Chest Volume + *Intrapulmonary Pressure decr. *Air move into the lungs as air way pressure decreases |
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EXPIRATION
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*pushes out CO2
*Inspiration muscles relax *Diaphragm rises, ribs descend *Lungs recoil |
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INSPIRATION
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Intrapulmonary Pressure DECREASES
*Air moves into the lungs as air way pressure decreases |
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EXPIRATION
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Intrapulmonary pressure INCREASES
*Air flows out of lungs |