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66 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Primary Functions of the
Respiratory System
1. Exchange of O2 & CO2
2. Delivery of O2 to tissues
3. Elimination of CO2
4. Maintain ABB - acid base balance
What happens at the alveoli?
Place where O2 & CO2 exchange takes place
Respiration
exchange of O2 & CO@ at the aveoli level
Ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
Inspiration
1st part of ventilation
Expiration
2nd part of ventilation
T/V = Tidal Volume
measures the volume/amount of air that is inspired or exhaled by ventilation
PVT = Pulmonary Function Test
500cc to 700cc normal adult
Residual Volume
what is left in the lungs that should be there.
*if not getting it all out residual #'s go up
Diffusion
The actually transport of O2 to the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries then pick up by the blood system to be oxygenated...most important is oxygenated blood gets to the rest of the body
Ventilation problem could mean
an obstruction
Perfusion problem could mean
a PE = pulmonary embolism
Perfusion
Vascular component of respiratory
*blood flow thru pulmonary capillaries
*blood flow goes from Rt. side of heart thru pulmonary circulation to the left side of heart
VQ/VP match
is normal match
normal ventilation (air intake) & normal perfusion (normal circulatory of O2 blood)
Hypoxemia
PA O2 is less than 80%
ABG
is where you measure the PA O2
80 - 100 N
PA O2 (blood gas)
measuring arterial blood gas
*HALLMARK*
Test for respiratory status
ABG
Hypoxia
cells are being deprived of O2
*HALLMARK*
Signs of hypoxia
*aggitated, restlessness, anxiety
*tachycardia (increased heart rate)
Physiological conditions that cause shifts of oxygen = shifts to RIGHT
*decreased PH
*+ temp; + CO2; + DPG's(proteins in blood related to RBC production)
Oxygen shifts to RIGHT
tells that there is more available O2 for cells & tissues
Oxygen shifts to LEFT
+PH; decrease temp, decrease CO2
Oxygen shifts to LEFT
less oxygen readily available to cells and tissues but more oxygen flow is going to lungs
*HALLMARK*
What number is problematic for PAO2?
60
Lung Compliance
Suppose to expand
* Big for O2
* Smaller for CO2
Elasticity
ability to return to their normal size
Recoil
What the lungs normally do on expiration
SAO2 = Pulse Ox
95 - 100 N
When O2 & hemoglobin are attracted to one another ...bond together
What is included in the Respiratory System?
* Nose
*Sinuses
*Pharynx
*Larynx(voice box)
Main function of the Upper Respiratory system is:
warm; filter; and humidify inhaled air
Lower respiratory System
Trachea
mediastinium
R. bronchus l bronchus
bronchioles
smaller bronchial tubes
alveolar ducts
alveoli
Septa
separations between the alveoli - problamatic
Cilia
catch dust & hairlike projection.
Move things up & down
Globlet Cells
produce mucus
Viscus
Sticky mucus
Pt has a larnyx problem
its a ventilation problem
Pt has a pulmonary capillary problem
it's a perfusion problem
Alveoli
look like grapes
Pulmonary Capillaries
"fish net"
Pulmonary Membrane
different levels
Surfactant layer
*protein that keeps the alveoli open
* protein responsible for decreased surface tension
*maintaining alveolar patency
Where are the lungs located?
Pleural space
Left Lung
2 lobes
Right Lung
3 Lobes
Intra-pleural pressure is:
*air tight
*negative pressure
If air tight space is punctured
You will get a collapsed lung
Pleural Space
*visceral sac
*parietal sac
Visceral Sac- inner
*surrounds each lung
Parietal Sac - outer
*surrounds chest wall
Fluid space prevents
FRICTION
10cc's of fluid in pleural space
Supportive Structures
*rib cage
*sternum
*manubrium
*body of sternum
*Xiphoid
Vascular System of the Lungs
*pulmonary arteries
*pulmonary veins
Pulmonary Arteries
*deliver blood to the lungs for oxygenation
Pulmonary Veins
*deliver oxygenated blood to the heart
PE
*is usually a pulmonary artery problem
Mechanics of respiration
*takes place as a result of pressure gradients btw alveoli, intraplueral; atmospheric air
Intra-Pulmonary plueral Pressure< atomspheric air
*HALLMARK*
WOB
work of breathing
Inspiration
ACTIVE
* brings in O2
Expiration
PASSIVE
I & E Ratio is?
1:2
1 - inspiration
2 - expiration
INSPIRATION
*diaphragm contracts, flattens
*Thoracic Cage Expands
*Chest Volume +
*Intrapulmonary Pressure decr.
*Air move into the lungs as air way pressure decreases
EXPIRATION
*pushes out CO2
*Inspiration muscles relax
*Diaphragm rises, ribs descend
*Lungs recoil
INSPIRATION
Intrapulmonary Pressure DECREASES
*Air moves into the lungs as air way pressure decreases
EXPIRATION
Intrapulmonary pressure INCREASES
*Air flows out of lungs