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21 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Functions of Respiratory System:
provide oxygen
expel CO2, water vapour and volatile gases
balance pH
filter invading microorganisms
produce sound
assist in olfaction (smell)
Passageways in resp. system:
nasal passages
sinuses
nasopharynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
Functions of nasal passageway:
warms and moisturises air passing through
olfaction
What places does resp. filtration occur?
large: nose
middle: bronchi & bronchioles
small: macrophages
What occurs at inspiration?
diaphragm descends: rib cage rises
thoracic cavity volume increases
lungs stretch
air flows into lungs until pressure inside=pressure in atmosphere
What occurs at external respiration?
exchange O2 and CO2 with the environment
What occurs at internal respiration?
"cellular respiration"
uptake of O2 and production and expulsion of CO2 by cells
What processes are involved in external respiration?
1. ventilation
2. gas diffusion across membranes and capillaries
3. transport of CO2 and O2
What are the two circulations to the lungs?
pulmonary: carry oxygenated blood from resp. zones to heart

bronchial: provide systemic blood to lung tissue
Approx. what is the composition of air?
Nitrogen: 78.6 %
Oxygen: 20.9 %
H2O: 0.5%
CO2: 0.04%
What is the atmospheric pressure?
760mmHg
What occurs at alveolar capillaries and why?
O2 enters the blood, CO2 leaves the blood.
Due to the partial pressures of the blood arriving: low O2, high CO2.
Molecules diffuse in order to reach an equilibrium
Environmental factors that affect haemoglobin:
O2 partial pressure in blood
blood pH
temperature
metabolic activity in RBC's
What does O2 bind with to be transported?
haemoglobin: called oxyhaemoglobin once binded
What molecule affects the pH in body fluids?
CO2
More oxygen is released by haemoglobin when:
pH drops
or
temperature rises
Less oxygen is released by haemoglobin when:
pH rises
or
temperature drops
Why is CO2 produced?
by-product of cellular respiration (aerobic metabolism)
3 ways CO2 can be carried in the bloodstream?
1. converted to carbonic acid (carbonic anhydrase catalyses H2O and CO2)
2. bound to haemoglobin
3. dissolved in plasma
How is most of CO2 carried?
70% as carbonic acid
23% binds to haemoglobin
7% in plasma
Which centres in the brain are responsible for the control of respiration?
Pons and medulla oblongata