Respiratory System

Front 1

what are the 4 steps of external respiration

Back 1

ventilation (movement of air into/out of lungs, O2 and CO2 are exchanged between alveoli and blood, blood transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues, O2 and CO2 are exchanged between tissues and blood

Front 2

respiratory system consists of

Back 2

respiratory airways, lungs, structures of the thorax,

Front 3

which part of the pleural sack touches the lungs?

Back 3

visceral pleura

Front 4

respiratory mechanics depends on (3)

Back 4

pressure gradients, airway resistance, airway, airway compliance and elasticity

Front 5

3 different pressures during respiration

Back 5

atmospheric pressure (can't change), intra-alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary), intrapleural pressure (intrathoracic)

Front 6

interpleural pressure is always (lower/higher) than atmospheric pressure

Back 6

lower

Front 7

Intra-alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure

Back 7

air enters the lungs

Front 8

Intra-alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure

Back 8

air exits from the lungs

Front 9

when volume increases, pressure

Back 9

decreases

Front 10

what is boyle's law

Back 10

P1V1=P2V2

Front 11

when volume decreases, pressure

Back 11

increases

Front 12

what is the diaphragm innervated by?

Back 12

phrenic nerve

Front 13

major inspiratory muscles

Back 13

diaphragm, external intercostal

Front 14

what happens to muscles during inspiration?

Back 14

diaphragm contracts to become flat, external intercostal contract to pull ribs upwards and outwards

Front 15

what happens to muscles during expiration?

Back 15

relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal, contraction of internal intercostal

Front 16

F=change in P/R

Back 16

change in P = difference between atm and intra-alveolar pressure, R = resistance of airways based on radius of bronchioles

Front 17

what is ventilation?

Back 17

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Front 18

what does histamine (intrinsic) cause the lungs to do?

Back 18

bronchoconstriction

Front 19

what hormone causes bronchodilation

Back 19

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Front 20

How does the sympathetic ns affect bronchioles? parasympathetic?

Back 20

bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction

Front 21

How does increase of O2 (intrinsic) effect bronchioles? CO2?

Back 21

bronchoconstriction, bronchodilation

Front 22

elasticity to decrease the cost of ___, compliance to decrease the cost of ____

Back 22

expiration, inspiration

Front 23

Better to increase volume or breathing rate?

Back 23

volume because you want to have plenty of time for gas exchange

Front 24

Pulmonary ventilation

Back 24

Volume of air breathed in and out in one minute, PV = TV x RR

Front 25

Alveolar ventilation

Back 25

Volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and the alveoli per minute, (TV - dead space) x RR

Front 26

increase surface area (increase/decrease) diffusion rate

Back 26

increases

Front 27

increase of thickness/distance (increase/decrease) diffusion rate

Back 27

decreases

Front 28

rate of gas exchange is proporational to

Back 28

diffusion coefficient for gas (CO2 is more soluable, diffuses faster)

Front 29

larger the concentration gradient, the (faster/slower) the diffusion rate

Back 29

faster

Front 30

a decrease in O2 in the alveoli causes what in pulmonary arteries?

Back 30

vasoconstriction (because they have already exchanged so they send to places that haven't exchanged)

Front 31

at the lungs, you form _____hemoglobin and at the tissues you form _____hemoglobin

Back 31

oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin

Front 32

The percent saturation is (high/low) where the partial pressure of oxygen is high

Back 32

high

Front 33

the more oxygen a tissue uses,

Back 33

the more oxygen it gets

Front 34

leftward shift causes (increased/decreased) affinity

Back 34

increased

Front 35

what is the direct affect of CO2 on curve?

Back 35

carbamino effect: when CO2 binds to hemoglobin

Front 36

what is the indirect of CO2 on curve?

Back 36

Bohrs effect: lowering pH

Front 37

Does systemic arterial or venous blood have the largest pool of CO2?

Back 37

Venous blood

Front 38

What is carbonic anhydrase

Back 38

Enzyme that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid

Front 39

where do you have a forward reaction of CO2 and H20? reverse reaction?

Back 39

tissues, lungs

Front 40

How is bicarbonate transported? where is it formed?

Back 40

plasma, rbc

Front 41

Oxygenated blood in the arteries carries (more/less) CO2 than deoxygenated blood.

Back 41

less

Front 42

decrease partial pressure of O2 at tissues leads to increase/decrease of O2 unloading

Back 42

increase

Front 43

decrease of partial pressure of CO2 at lungs leads to (increase/decrease) of O2 loading

Back 43

increase

Front 44

during quiet breathing, expiration is ____

Back 44

passive

Front 45

DRG in medulla controls ___, where VRG controls mainly ___ but some ___

Back 45

inspiration, expiration, inspiration

Front 46

surfactant increases

Back 46

compliance of lungs

Front 47

what does not contribute to the rapid movement of gases into and out of the lungs

Back 47

rapid blood flow through pulmonary capillaries

Front 48

during intense exercise the localized temperature increases does what to the affinity for oxygen. Does that reduce or facilitate oxygen movement in the tissues

Back 48

decrease, facilitate

Front 49

decrease in o2 affinity means (more/less) o2 in tissues

Back 49

more

Front 50

increase of O2, (increase/decrease) ventilation

Back 50

decrease

Front 51

increase of CO2, (increase/decrease) ventilation

Back 51

increase

Front 52

Central chemoreceptors are (directly/indirectly) responsive to CO2? O2?

Back 52

indirectly (through pH), neither