Respiratory System

Front 1

Cellular Respiration

Back 1

Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of organic molecules to produce ATP. A sufficient supply of oxygen is required for the aerobic respiratory machinery of Kreb's Cycle and the Electron Transport System to efficiently convert stored organic energy into energy trapped in ATP. Carbon dioxide is also generated by cellular metabolism and must be removed from the cell. There must be an exchange of gases: carbon dioxide leaving the cell, oxygen entering. Animals have organ systems involved in facilitating this exchange as well as the transport of gases to and from exchange areas.

Front 2

Chemoreceptors

Back 2

Central
• located near medullary respiratory center
• Respond to raised CO2 level (hypercapnia)

Peripheral
• located in carotid and aorta
• Respond to changes oxygen, and blood acid levels

Front 3

Epiglottis and Glottis

Back 3

The epiglottis guards the entrance of the glottis, The glottis is the opening between the vocal folds.

Front 4

Instrument to measure air volume

Back 4

Spirometer

Front 5

Pulmonary Ventilation

Back 5

• Pulmonary ventilation: Pulmonary ventilation, or breathing, exchanges gases between the outside air and the alveoli of the lungs. Depends on a difference between the atmospheric air pressure and the pressure in the alveoli

Front 6

Smoking impact on Mucosa

Back 6

Paralized the cilia (hairlike extensions) that move mucous out, so more URI infections

Front 7

Nose Functions

Back 7

it cleans the air of dust and other impurities, warms the air if it is too cool, and moistens the air if it is dry

Front 8

Sense of Smell

Back 8

Happens in nose, The olfactory mucosa is what detects scents that you inhale.

Front 9

Paranasal Sinuses

Back 9

• 4 Paranasal sinuses drain into nose:
1. frontal
2. maxillary
3. sphenoidal
4. ethmoidal

Function of the sinuses
• Lighten the skull
• Act as resonance chambers for speech
• Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

Front 10

Pharynx

Back 10

The pharynx, known as the throat, It moves air into your lungs, but also moves food into your stomach. About five inches long, three distinct regions, : the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx.

Front 11

Larynx

Back 11

Also known as the voice box, the pharynx is what allows you to speak.

Front 12

Thyroid Cartilage

Back 12

This forms the Adam's apple. It is usually larger in males than in females.

Front 13

Cricoid Cartilage

Back 13

A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx

Front 14

Trachea

Back 14

•Tube about 11 cm (4.5 inches) long that extends from larynx into the thoracic cavity
•Mucous lining
•C-shaped rings of cartilage hold trachea open
•Function-passageway for air to move to and from lungs

Front 15

Trachea Cartilage Rings Function

Back 15

•C-shaped rings of cartilage hold trachea open

Front 16

Obstruction of Trachea Manouver

Back 16

•Blockage of trachea occludes the airway and if complete causes death in minutes
Heimlich maneuver (abdominal thrust) is a lifesaving technique used to free the trachea of obstructions

Front 17

Trachea Divides into:

Back 17

Trachea branches into right and left bronchi (right is wider, shorter, & straighter), bronchi turn into bronchioles

Front 18

Hilum of Lung

Back 18

hilum is the point of entry on each lung for the bronchus, blood vessels, and nerves

Front 19

Alveoli

Back 19

bronchioles are covered with thin-skinned air sacs that allow for gasses to pass through them. These sacs, which contain alveoli, are called alveolar sacs, and are at the end of alveolar ducts. The alveoli are very small curves in the sac walls.

Front 20

Pleura

Back 20

•Pleura-moist, smooth, slippery membrane that lines chest cavity and covers outer surface lungs; reduces friction between the lungs and chest wall during breathing
•Parietal pleura; against lung
•Visceral pleura: against organs
•Pleural space: space between viceral and parietal

Front 21

Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

Back 21

• Pulmonary stretch receptors: Respond to the stretch in lungs, thus protecting respiratory organs from overinflation

Front 22

CHEYNE STROKES

Back 22

Cheyne-Stokes-periods of apnea followed by gradually increasing depth and frequency of respirations

Front 23

KUSSMAULS

Back 23

Kussmaul’s-deep, gasping, associated with metabolic acidosis

Front 24

RESPIRATORY ARREST

Back 24

Respiratory arrest-failure of resume breathing after a period of apnea

Front 25

EUPNEA

Back 25

Eupnea-normal breathing

Front 26

DYSPNEA

Back 26

Dyspnea-labored or difficult respirations.

Front 27

HYPOVENTILATION

Back 27

Hypoventilation-slow and shallow respirations. Insufficient air in alveoli. Decreases blood pH

Front 28

HYPERVENTILATION

Back 28

Hyperventilation-rapid and deep respirations. High oxygen level and low CO2 level (hypocapnia). Increases blood pH

Front 29

BRONCHIAL SOUNDS

Back 29

• Bronchial sounds – produced by air rushing through trachea and bronchi

Front 30

VESICULAR BREATHING SOUNDS

Back 30

Vesicular breathing sounds – soft sounds of air filling alveoli; heard over lung parenchyma

Front 31

RONCHI

Back 31

• Rhonchi-low pitched rumbling, coarse, heard on inspiration and expiration; may clear with cough
•

Front 32

WHEEZE

Back 32

Wheeze-high pitched musical sound; usually louder on expiration

Front 33

STRIDOR

Back 33

Stridor-inspiratory wheeze heard in neck (blocked trachea)

Front 34

FRICTION

Back 34

Friction rub-localized, high-pitched, harsh and scratchy

Front 35

RALES - CRACKLES

Back 35

Rales- (crackles) soft, high-pitched scratching sound, like hair strands rubbing together

Front 36

Diaphragm Nerve

Back 36

Phrenic Nerve

Front 37

Gas exchange occurs through...

Back 37

Diffusion: higher to lower concentration

Front 38

Aging and respiratory System

Back 38

•Tissues lose elasticity, become more rigid
•Decreased compliance (ability of lungs to stretch), lung capacity (amount of air that goes in)
•Increased susceptibility to infection
•Increased incidence of emphysema
•Reduced capacity for exercise

Front 39

Trachea tissue lining

Back 39

he lining of the trachea is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium which brushes debris up and out. This epithelial tissue

Front 40

Macrophages in Lungs

Back 40

Dust Cells

Front 41

Main muscles involves in respiration

Back 41

The principal muscles are the diaphragm, the external intercostal and the the internal intercostal muscles.