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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the breathing term?
12-14 breaths per minute in a resting individual |
eupnea
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Name the breathing term?
respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute |
tachypnea
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Name the breathing term?
increase ventilation that is meeting metabolic needs |
hyperpnea
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Name the breathing term?
increased ventilation that exceeds metabolic needs |
hyperventilation
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Name the breathing term?
respiratory rate less than 10 breaths per minute |
bradypnea
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Name the breathing term?
overly slow ventilation |
hypopnea
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Name the breathing term?
decreased ventilation that is below metabolic needs |
hypoventilation
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Name the breathing term?
labored, difficult breathing |
dyspnea
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Name the breathing term?
cessation of breathing |
apnea
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name the muscles involved in eupneic breathing?
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1. diaphragm
2. external intercostals |
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what muscles are involved with dyspneic inspiration in addition to the diaphragm and external intercostals?
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1. pectoralis minor
2. sternocleidomastoid 3. scalenes |
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what muscles are involved in dyspneic expiration?
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1. internal intercostals
2. obliques 3. rectus abdominus |
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what component of the lungs is largely responsible for the natural recoil?
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elastin
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describe the pleural covering of the lungs?
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two layers (visceral and parietal) which form a potential space (pleural cavity) between them
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which zones compose the conducting zone?
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1-16
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does the conducting zone contain cilia?
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yes
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does the conducting zone contain smooth muscle and cartilage?
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yes, but cartilage is only patchy in the bronchi and is completely absent in the bronchioles
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what three components make up he conducting zone?
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1. trachea
2. bronchi 3. bronchioles |
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where is the greatest resistance to airflow found in the lungs?
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zones 1-7 which is basically trachea and bronchi
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what are the 3 functions of the conducting zone?
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1. control air flow volume
2. warm and humidify air 3. filter air and remove debris |
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which portions of the conducting zone will not have the mucociliary elevator?
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the oral and laryngeal pharynx
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what is the mechanism of action of Ipratropium and what is it used to treat?
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its an anticholinergic used to block muscarinic receptors on bronchiole smooth muscle and therefor increase airway diameter - used for treatment of airway obstructive diseases like asthma
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what percentage of O2 exchange occurs in each zone?
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs |
Respiratory bronchioles = 1%
Alveolar ducts = 10% Alveolar sacs = 90% |
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what zone has the last of the ciliated cells?
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the respiratory bronchioles
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what zone has the last of the smooth muscle?
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the alveolar ducts
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what zone has the last of the cartilage?
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bronchi
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the total lung capacity is made up of which lung volumes?
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IRV, VT, ERV, RV
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the volume of air inspired and expired during a normal breath is called?
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tidal volume
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how much should tidal volume be?
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500 ml
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maximum amount of air that can be inspired at the ends of a normal inspiration is called?
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inspiratory reserve volume IRV
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the maximum amount of air that can be expired after the end of a normal expiration is called?
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expiratory reserve volume ERV
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volume of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration?
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residual volume RV
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Volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration is called?
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Total lung capacity (TLC)
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Volume of air forcefully expired from lungs after a maximal inspiration is called?
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Vital capacity (VC)
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Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is called?
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Functional residual capacity (FRC)
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Volume of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration is called?
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Inspiratory capacity (IC)
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VT + IRV + ERV + RV=?
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Total lung capacity (TLC)
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VT + IRV + ERV=?
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Vital capacity (VC)
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TLC – RV=?
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Vital capacity (VC)
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ERV + RV=?
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Functional residual capacity (FRC)
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VT + IRV=?
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Inspiratory capacity (IC)
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Volume of air forcefully expired after a maximal inspiration?
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FVC
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what is a normal FVC?
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5000ml
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Volume forcefully expired in the first second is called?
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FEV1
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what is the avg. value for FEV1?
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3,500 to 4,000 ml
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what percentage of air should be expired at FEV3?
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95%
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what percentage of air should be expired at FEV1?
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70-80%
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Normal is on the left and what abnormal process is displayed on the right?
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Obstructive lung disease
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normal is on the left and what abnormal lung process is shown on the left?
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restrictive lung disease
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What is the equation for determining the total lung volume using the helium dilution method?
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Above
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what physics law is utilized with a body plethysmograph to determine lung capacity?
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Boyle's law which states that P1V1=P2V2
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what is the equation for compliance?
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change is volume / change in pressure
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what is the normal value for compliance in the lung?
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.13 liters / cm H2O
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why is hysteresis absent in saline filled lungs?
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it abolishes the gas-liquid interface that is causing surface tension
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at FRC what can be said about the lung recoil and the chest wall expansion forces?
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they are equal
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what is LaPlace's law and what is it used to determine?
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Used to determine pressure of inflation in the alveoli
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what is the equation to determine airflow?
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Reduce resistance increase airflow, increase difference between P1 and P2 and increase airflow
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in dry air what is the partial pressure of nitrogen or oxygen? (percentages)
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1. 79% 600 mm Hg
2. 21% 160 mm Hg |
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what additional significant partial pressure is contributed by water vapor once air is in conducting system?
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47mm Hg
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what condition controls the partial pressure of water vapor?
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temperature only, not effected by atmospheric pressure
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what is the solubility coefficient of water?
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(.003 ml O2 / 100 ml blood) / mm Hg
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what is the solubility coefficient of CO2?
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(.07 ml O2 / 100 ml blood) / mm Hg
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what is Henry's law and what is it use to describe?
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dissolved gas = (PRESSUREgas) x (solubility coefficient of gas)
amount of gas dissolved in a fluid at a given partial pressure |
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whats the rule of thumb: for determining dead space?
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volume in ml. is equal to weight in pounds
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what are the 2 types of dead space and what is their combined total called?
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two types are anatomical dead space (conducting zone) and alveolar dead space (alveoli which do not participate in gas exchange for whatever reason)
Together they comprise the physiological dead space |
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what equation allows for the calculation of physiological dead space?
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As PECO2 increases, Vd decreases. In other words as the dead space decreases you will see more CO2 expired because more gas exchange can occur
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according to Fick's law, why does diffusion per unit time decrease in emphysema?
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the area for diffusion is destroyed which decreases the rate of gas exchange
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according to Fick's law, why does diffusion per unit time decrease in pulmonary edema?
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the distance the gas has to diffuse is greater than normal
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starting from the alveoli describe the PaO2 throughout circulation up to the pulmonary artery
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104 in alveoli -> 95 in pulmonary veins -> 40 in interstitial spaces and venous return -> 20 in cells (mm Hg)
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starting from the alveoli describe the PaCO2 throughout circulation up to the pulmonary artery
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40 in alveoli -> 40 in pulmonary veins -> 45 in interstitial spaces and venous return -> 46 in cells (mm Hg)
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