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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define residual volume (RV)
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Air in lung after maximal expiration
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Define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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Air that can still be breathed out after normal expiration
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Define tidal volume (TV)
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Air that moves into the lung with each quiet inspiration, typically 500 mL
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Define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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Air in excess of tidal volume that moves into lung on maximum inspiration
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Define vital capacity (VC)
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tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
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Define functional residual capavity (FRC)
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residual volume + expiratory reserve volume
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Define inspiratory capacity (IC)
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inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume
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Define total lung capacity (TLC)
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inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
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What causes a right shift of the oxygen binding curve? What does this mean?
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Increase: metabolic needs, CO2, temperature, H+, altitude, 2,3-DPG; Decrease: pH; decrease affinity of hemoglobin for O2 and facilitates unloading of O2 to tissue
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What causes a left shift of the oxygen binding curve? What does this mean?
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Decrease: metabolic needs, CO2, temperature, H+, altitude, 2,3-DPG; Increase: pH, CO; increase affinity of hemoglobin for O2, which decreases O2 unloading to tissue
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In normal health, oxygen transport is _____________ limited. In emphysema or fibrosis, oxygen transport is ____________ limited.
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Perfusion; Diffusion
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What is the normal pulmonary artery pressure?
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10-14 mmHg
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Define pulmonary hypertension
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> or = to 25 mmHg or > 35 mmHg during exercise
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How much O2 can 1g Hb bind to? What is the normal amount of Hb in blood? What is the normal O2 binding capacity of blood per dL?
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1.34 mL O2; 15 g/dL; 20.1 mL O2/dL
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When does cyanosis result?
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Hb < 5 g/dL
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What is the normal A-a gradient?
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10-15 mmHg
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What causes an increased A-a gradient?
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hypoxemia: shunting, V/Q mismatch, fibrosis
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What is the V/Q in the apex of the lung?
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3 (wasted ventilation)
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What is the V/Q in the base of the lung?
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0.6 (wasted perfusion)
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Where is ventilation and perfusion greatest?
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base of lung
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What does V/Q --> 0 mean? How does 100% O2 change PO2?
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shunt: airway obstruction; does not change
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What does V/Q --> infinity mean? How does 100% O2 change PO2?
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physiologic dead space: blood flow obstruction; improves PO2 as long as dead space does not = 100%
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How is CO2 transported from the tissue to the lungs?
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1. bicarbonate 90%; 2. bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin 5%; dissolved CO2 5%
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What is the Haldane effect?
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Oxygenation of Hb in lungs promotes dissociation of H+ from Hb. Equilibrium is shifted towards CO2 formation; therefore CO2 is released from RBCs.
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What is the Bohr effect?
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Decreased pH from tissue metabolism in the peripheral tissues causes oxygen binding curve to shift right, releasing O2.
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What are the responses to high altitude?
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1. Acute increase in ventilation; 2. Chronic increase in ventilation; 3. Increased EPO; 4. increased 2,3 DPG; 5. Cellular changes; 6. Increased renal excretion of bicarbonate; 7. Chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction resulting in RVH
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