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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the short acting beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists? What are they used to treat?
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Albuterol, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, pirbuteol.
These drugs are used for the treatment of the acute bronchoconstriction of asthma by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle. |
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What are the long acting beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists? How are they chemically different than short acting beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonists?
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Salmeterol, formoterol.
These drugs have lipophilic side chains that slow diffusion out of the airway. |
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What is isoproterenol?
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Nonselective beta-receptor agonists and a potent bronchodilator.
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What is the most common adverse effect of beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonists?
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Skeletal muscle tremor. Other: tachycardia, arrhythmias, exacerbation of angina.
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Theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine are part of what drug family that is used to treat asthma? What are the pharmacologic effects of theophylline?
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Methylxanthines.
Pharmacologic effects: relax bronchial smooth muscle, decrease histamine release, stimulate ciliary transport of mucus, stimulate medullary respiratory center. |
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Name two anticholinergic drugs used to treat asthma.
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Ipratropium bromide and atropine. They inhibit ACh-mediated constriction of bronchial airways and also decrease vagal stimulated mucus secretion.
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How does cromolyn sodium treat asthma?
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Cromolyn sodium inhibit the release of mediators from mast cells, suppress the activation of neutrophils, eosinophiles, and monocytes and inhibit the cough reflex.
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How should cromolyn sodium be used in order to effectively combat asthma?
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Cromolyn sodium is used prophylactically. It does not reverse an established bronchospasm. It is also the only antiasthmatic that inhibits both early and late phase responses.
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When is nedocromil sodium used in place of cromolyn sodium?
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Nedocromil is more effective in blocking bronchospasm induced by exercise or cold air.
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How does beclomethasone treat asthma?
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It is a glucocorticoid that increases airway diameter by attenuating prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis via inhibition of phopholipase A2.
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What are the side effects of oral administration of budesoide and flunisolide?
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These are glucocorticoids. Side effects include hoarseness and oral candidiasis. More serious adverse effects are adrenal suppression and osteoporosis.
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The -lukast drugs are antagonists of the _______.
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Montelukast and zafirlukast are antagonists of the leukotriene receptor LT1. This blocks LTC, D, E4.
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Name the asthmatic drug that inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in leukotriene biosynthesis.
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Zileuton.
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What is omalizumab?
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Omalizumab is an anit-IgE antibody that binds to IgE's Fc receptors, blocking the binding of IgE to mast cells and basophils.
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Allergic rhinitis, but not rhinitis associated with colds, can be effectively treated with antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists). Name a few.
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Diphenhydramine, brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, and loratadine.
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What is clemastine used to treat?
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Rhinorrhea. It is a second generation H1-receptor antagonist.
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What is an antitussive?
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Medicine used to inhibit or suppress coughing.
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Name the mucolytic drug used to reduce the viscosity of mucus and treat COPD exacerbations.
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Acetylcysteine: cleaves disulfide bonds.
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An asthmatic female who is recovering from an MI is on several medications. She complains about bruising easily. Blood panel reveals elevated ALT. What antiasthmatic is she on?
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Zilueton - inhibits metabolism of warfarin and increases liver enzymes.
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Why are opiods effective in the suppression of coughing?
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They act centrally to decrease sensitivity of the cough center to peripheral stimuli.
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What initiates coughing?
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Cough receptors, specialized stretch receptors in the trachea and bronchial tree, send vagal afferents to the cough center.
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Theophylline has several mechanims, many which are unknown. What are two known moa's of this drug?
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Adenosine-receptor antagonist activity and the inhibition of phosphodiesterase.
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What drug is used to counter opioid overdose?
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Naltrexone.
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Which drug is most contraindicated in patients with COPD: acebutolol, nadolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol?
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Nadolol because it is a non-selective beta antagonist.
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What asthma drug can cause U-waves on ECG? How?
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Albuterol may cause potassium to shift into cells, resulting in hypokalemia.
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What drug can be used to stop the bronchoconstriction resulting from an asthmatic allergic reaction?
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Zileuton. Asprin diverts the arachidonic acid pathway to the leukotrienes. Zileuton blocks 5-lipoxygenase which is the enzyme that forms the LTs.
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