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26 Cards in this Set

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What are the short acting beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists? What are they used to treat?
Albuterol, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, pirbuteol.
These drugs are used for the treatment of the acute bronchoconstriction of asthma by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle.
What are the long acting beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists? How are they chemically different than short acting beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonists?
Salmeterol, formoterol.

These drugs have lipophilic side chains that slow diffusion out of the airway.
What is isoproterenol?
Nonselective beta-receptor agonists and a potent bronchodilator.
What is the most common adverse effect of beta-2 adrenoreceptor agonists?
Skeletal muscle tremor. Other: tachycardia, arrhythmias, exacerbation of angina.
Theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine are part of what drug family that is used to treat asthma? What are the pharmacologic effects of theophylline?
Methylxanthines.
Pharmacologic effects: relax bronchial smooth muscle, decrease histamine release, stimulate ciliary transport of mucus, stimulate medullary respiratory center.
Name two anticholinergic drugs used to treat asthma.
Ipratropium bromide and atropine. They inhibit ACh-mediated constriction of bronchial airways and also decrease vagal stimulated mucus secretion.
How does cromolyn sodium treat asthma?
Cromolyn sodium inhibit the release of mediators from mast cells, suppress the activation of neutrophils, eosinophiles, and monocytes and inhibit the cough reflex.
How should cromolyn sodium be used in order to effectively combat asthma?
Cromolyn sodium is used prophylactically. It does not reverse an established bronchospasm. It is also the only antiasthmatic that inhibits both early and late phase responses.
When is nedocromil sodium used in place of cromolyn sodium?
Nedocromil is more effective in blocking bronchospasm induced by exercise or cold air.
How does beclomethasone treat asthma?
It is a glucocorticoid that increases airway diameter by attenuating prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis via inhibition of phopholipase A2.
What are the side effects of oral administration of budesoide and flunisolide?
These are glucocorticoids. Side effects include hoarseness and oral candidiasis. More serious adverse effects are adrenal suppression and osteoporosis.
The -lukast drugs are antagonists of the _______.
Montelukast and zafirlukast are antagonists of the leukotriene receptor LT1. This blocks LTC, D, E4.
Name the asthmatic drug that inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in leukotriene biosynthesis.
Zileuton.
What is omalizumab?
Omalizumab is an anit-IgE antibody that binds to IgE's Fc receptors, blocking the binding of IgE to mast cells and basophils.
Allergic rhinitis, but not rhinitis associated with colds, can be effectively treated with antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists). Name a few.
Diphenhydramine, brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine, and loratadine.
What is clemastine used to treat?
Rhinorrhea. It is a second generation H1-receptor antagonist.
What is an antitussive?
Medicine used to inhibit or suppress coughing.
Name the mucolytic drug used to reduce the viscosity of mucus and treat COPD exacerbations.
Acetylcysteine: cleaves disulfide bonds.
An asthmatic female who is recovering from an MI is on several medications. She complains about bruising easily. Blood panel reveals elevated ALT. What antiasthmatic is she on?
Zilueton - inhibits metabolism of warfarin and increases liver enzymes.
Why are opiods effective in the suppression of coughing?
They act centrally to decrease sensitivity of the cough center to peripheral stimuli.
What initiates coughing?
Cough receptors, specialized stretch receptors in the trachea and bronchial tree, send vagal afferents to the cough center.
Theophylline has several mechanims, many which are unknown. What are two known moa's of this drug?
Adenosine-receptor antagonist activity and the inhibition of phosphodiesterase.
What drug is used to counter opioid overdose?
Naltrexone.
Which drug is most contraindicated in patients with COPD: acebutolol, nadolol, atenolol, esmolol, metoprolol?
Nadolol because it is a non-selective beta antagonist.
What asthma drug can cause U-waves on ECG? How?
Albuterol may cause potassium to shift into cells, resulting in hypokalemia.
What drug can be used to stop the bronchoconstriction resulting from an asthmatic allergic reaction?
Zileuton. Asprin diverts the arachidonic acid pathway to the leukotrienes. Zileuton blocks 5-lipoxygenase which is the enzyme that forms the LTs.