Respiratory Pathogens 3

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Rhodococcus equi (disease)

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pyogranulomatus broncho pneumonia of foals 1-5 months

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Rhodococcus equi (description)

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gram +, variable acid fast, strict aerobic, cocci and bacilli (depends on area of growth) in vivo mostly bacilli, in vitro mostly cocci, normal inhabitant of soil and manure,

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Rhodococcus equi (affected)

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mostly affects foals 1-5 months old, also see disease in cattle, swine and goats, also see in immunocompromised humans, usually only see disease in young animals

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Rhodococcus equi (virulence factors)

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VAP (plasmid),
VapA:encoded in the VAP, immunogenic lipid modified cell surface protein, affects cytokine induction resulting in an impaired response, Mycolic acid in cell wall: acid fast characteristic, involved in formation of pyogranulomas.

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Rhodococcus equi (diagnosis)

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Gram positive bacilli (cocci), with radiograph, granulomas or interstitial pneumonia is fairly conclusive, growth in blood agar (24hrs), catalase positive (differentiate between itself and staph)

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Anaerobic respiratory pathogens

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Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp.

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Mycobacterium (description)

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Gram positive, Acid fast, strict aerobe, lack capsules, transmitted by aerosols

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Mycobacterium (virulence factors)

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a. lipoarabinomannan: inhibits T cell activation
b. Cell wall phospholipids and sulfolipids: inhibit respiratory burst and phagolysosomal fusion
c. Max D, chord factor, muramyl dipeptide: stimulate inflammation and cell mediated immunity contributing to granuloma formation

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Mycobacterium. tuberculosis (disease)

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pulmonary tuberculosis in primates, dogs, asian elephants

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Mycobacterium bovis (disease)

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pulmonary disease, cattle, sheep, deer, elk, pigs, cats, people often due to ingestion (non pulmonary)

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Mycobacterium avium ssp avium
(disease)

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infection by the alimentary canal (mouth and GI) yet often see lesions in the lungs, not a big deal due to rapid turnover

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Mycobacterium (diagnosis)

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acid fast bacilli from tracheobronchial lymph node aspirate, or gastric lavage, grown on egg agar (with a die that inhibits growth of non mycobacterial), rapid methods, Ab. or PCR, tuberculin skin test (PPD purified protein derivative)

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Nocardia species (description)

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gram positive variably acid fast, catalase positive, (filamentous bacilli), strict aerobes, found in many natural environments, acquired by inhalation, ingestion, trauma,

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Nocardia species (affected)

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only causes disease in immunocompromised animals, dogs commonly affected, suppurative or granulomatous, regional or disseminated, necrotising pneumonia, pyothorax

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Nocardia species (disease)

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suppurative or granulomatous, regional or disseminated, necrotising pneumonia, pyothorax

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Nocardia species (virulence attributes)

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facultative intracellular parasites of macrophages, inhibit phagosome acidification and phagosomal fusion via mycolic acid glycolipid

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Nocardia species (diagnosis)

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direct examination, filamentous gram positive bacilli, grown on blood agar (4-5) days also grow on sabouraud's agar