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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes up the protective anatomy of the respiratory system
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cilia, mocociliary blanket, and lotis/laryngeal muscles
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What is a lobule?
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smallest functional unit of the lung, terminal respiratory bronchiole, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts
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What is the protective anatomy of the lobule?
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lymphatic system and macrophages
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What is the pleura?
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lining of thoracic cavity that encases lungs with a serous fluid that seperated the layers
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What is a pleural effusion?
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a painfal inflamation of the pleura
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What type of infection if the common cold?
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viral infection of the upper respiratory tract
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What are the modes of transmission for a cold?
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person to person or via fomites
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What is the incuabtion period of the common cold?
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2-5 days, most contagios first 2-3 days
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Name 3 viruses that can cause a cold?
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rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenze virus
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What is the treatment for the common cold?
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OTC remedies, fluids, chicken soup
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How can you prevent the common cold?
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hand washing
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What is sinusitis?
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an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses which results in blocked sinuses and infectio
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What are the 3 levels of sinusitis?
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acute = 2-3 weeks
subacute = 3 weeks to 3 months, causes reversible changes to epithelium chronic = lasting greater than 3 months, results in irreversible change of the mucosa |
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What causes sinusitis?
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infection from bacteria, viruses, or fungi, anything that causes obstruction, impairs ciliary function, results in xs mucous production, or compromises the immune system
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What moves mucous and debris into nasal cavity?
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cilia
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What facilitates microbe growth in sinuses?
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low oxygen content
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What type of bacteria causes acute sinusitis?
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H. influenzae, S. pneumonia
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What causes chronic sinusitis?
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H. influenzae, S. pneumonia, and anaerobes
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What causes sinusitis in HIV+ patients?
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H. influenze, S. pneumonia, anaerobes, gram negative organisms, and fungi
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What causes nosocomial sinusitis?
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S. aureus, pseudomonas species, and klebsiella species
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What are the symptoms of acute sinusitis?
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cold-like symptoms, facial pain and pressure, purulent nasal discharge, and decresed smell
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What are the signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis?
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postnasal drip, chronic cough, loss of smell, bad breath, and headache
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What are complications of sinusitis?
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intracranial abscesses, meningitis, orbital involvement
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How is sinusitis diagnosed?
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symptom history and physical exam, nasal endoscopyis also indicated in persons who don't respond to therapy as expected
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What is the treatment for sinusitis?
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anti-microbial, decongestants, corticosteroids, and surgery to correct obstruction
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What is influenza?
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a viral infection of the upper and lower respiratory tract
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Who has the higest rates of infection of the flu?
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children
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In what population are the rates of of serious illness and death from flu highest?
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65 years and older
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What virus causes influenza
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orthomyxoviridae family, SS RNA
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What are the three types of flu virus?
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A, B, and C, but only A and B cause epidemics
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How is type A influenza classified?
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by surface antigens
H = hemagglutinin N=neuraminidase |
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What is antigenic drift?
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H and N antigens vary slightly each year causing new strains of infection
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What is antigenic shift?
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change in H and/or N antigen resulting in new protein that is completely unrecognized by the immune system, causes pandemic
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Which type of virus has more shift and drift?
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type A
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How many strains of flu generally occur yearly?
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3, two type A and one B
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What are risk factors for flu?
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elderly, chronic illness, immunosuppression, close contact
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What is the incubation period for flu?
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1-4 days
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When is flu infectious?
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from 1 day before onset of symptoms to 5 days after onset
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What are the early symptoms of flu?
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fever, chills, malaise, muscle aches, headache, profuse watery discharge, nonproductive cough, and sore throat
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What are the three types of flu infection?
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uncomplicated rhinotrachetitis, viral pneumonia, respiratory viral infection complicated by bacterial infection
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What is uncomplicated rhinotracheitis?
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upper respiratory tract infection and inflammation with necrosis and shedding of ciliated and serous mucous cells, peaks in 3-5 days, resolves in 7-10 days
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What are complications of uncomplicated rhinotracheitis?
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sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and bacterial pneumonia
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What are complications of viral flu complicated by bacterial infection?
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confusion and death
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What are additional symptoms of complicated flu infection?
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chest pain, purulent sputum, hypoxemia, and dyspnea
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What bacterial infection can cause complicated flu infection?
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sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia
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What is caused when small droplets bypass upper lung and cause rapid infection in lower lung?
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viral pneumonia
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How is flu diagnosed?
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symptoms and antigen detection tests
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How is flu prevented?
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vaccination
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How is flu treated?
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-limit infection to upper respiratory tract
-supportive (fluids,nutrition, rest, keep warm) -antiviral agents -treat bacterial infection |
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What is pneumonia?
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inflammation of the lung parenchyma (alveoli and bronchioles)
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What is the 6th leading cause of death from infection?
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pneumonia
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What causes pneumonia?
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bacteria, virus, fungi, fumes, and aspiration
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What are the routes of entry of organisms that cause pneumonia?
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-inhalation from ambient air
-aspiration from upper airway -direct spread from contiguous sites -spread from blood |
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How do organisms cause pneumonia?
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enter lower airway, evade host defenses, and cause infection
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What are the normal host defenses against pneumonia?
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-nasopharyngeal
-glottic and cough reflexes -mucociliary blanket -pulmonary macrophages |
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Where do the bacteria in bacterial pneumonia multiply?
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the alveoli
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What does bacterial pneumonia cause?
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infammation and accumulation of fluid and debris in the alveoli
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What are the symptoms of bacterial pneumonia?
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chills, fever, malaise, purulent sputum, and elevated WBC's
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What occurs with viral or mycoplasmal pneumonia?
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patchy inflammatory changes confined to alveolar septum and interstitium of lung
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What is community aquired pneumonia?
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caused by infectious organisms found in the community, begins outside of hospital or w/i 48 hours after admission
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What is hospital acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia?
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infections from organisms found in hospital or nursing homes, not present or incubating on admission
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What are symptoms of community acquired pneumonia?
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fever, malaise, productive cough, purulent sputum, SOB, increased respiratory rate, and respiratory failure
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How is community acquired pneumonia diagnosed?
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S&S, chest x-ray WBC elevation, and sputum culture
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How is community acquired pneumonia treated?
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ATS guidelines
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How are community acquired pneumonia patients categorized?
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severity of illnedd, presence of co-exisitng disease, age, adn need for hospitalization
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Why is hospital acquired pneumonia more serious?
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-pathogens more likely to be resident
-patients more liekly to be compromised -2nd most common hospital infection |
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What is Legionnaire's disease?
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a type of pneumonia
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What is PCP?
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a special type fo pneumonia that is a hallmark of AIDS patients
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What is the number 1 cause of death from a single infectious agents in developign countries?
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tuberculosis
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What populations have and increased risk of tuberculosis?
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HIV patients, infants, and elderly
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What organism causes tuberculosis?
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mycobacterium tuberculosis
-aerobic bacteria -waxy outer capsule resistant to destruction |
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What is secondary tuberculosis?
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reactivation or reinfection in a previously infected patient
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What is the hallmark of TB?
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granulomas in the lung tissue
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How does a person contract TB?
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from inhaling droplets expelled by an infectious person
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What must be contained in the droplet for infection to occur?
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tubercule bacillus
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction is TB?
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Type 4 hypersensitivity
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Why is there no early immune response to TB?
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because there are no surface antigens
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Where does the tubercule bacillus settle?
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the bronchus and alveolus
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What happens after macrophages engulf the tubercule bacillus?
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divide for 2-12 weeks, macrophages present to T-cells and cell mediated immune response develops
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What is the function of a granuloma?
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It walls of tuberculosis infection in a healthy person
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What does the tuberculin skin test show?
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that a person has been exposed to Tb
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How does secondary tuberculosis occur?
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reinfection from an inhaled droplet or reactivation of previously healed lesion
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What results after secondary TB infection?
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cavitation and bronchial dissemination
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What are the S&S of secondary tuberculosis?
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low-grade fever, night sweat, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, cough, dry then productive with purulent blood tinged sputum
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How is TB diagnosed?
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tuberculin skin test, chest X-ray, sputum culture with acid fast stain, bronchcscopy
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How is TB treated?
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antimucobacterial drugs, over at least 6 months with frequent changes in antinfective treatment
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What is the BCG vaccine?
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a preventitive TB vaccine
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