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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does the gas exchange of breathing work? |
Air goes down the windpipe and through to the branches in each lung (bronchi). The alveoli fill up with air, and the oxygen seeps through to the blood capillaries. Carbon dioxide seeps back through to the lungs and is exhaled out of the body. |
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Why do we have respiratory muscles to help us breathe? |
for coughing and exercise
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Which nerves innervate the diaphragm? |
Phrenic nerves, cervical spinal cord C3-C5 |
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Why is the pontine respiratory group important? |
where breathing is automated and under volitional control |
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Why is the Retrotrapezoid Nucleus (RTN) important? |
It detects CO2 levels = if levels increase, this mechanism increases the desire to breathe |
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Why is the Pre Boetzinger Complex important? |
The main respiratory pattern generator (pacemaker) is located in the Pre Boetzinger complex.
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What are the peripheral inputs to the respiratory centres? |
1. Chemosensors: through the RTN 2. Lung irritant (pollution) and stretch (CPR): through Dorsal respiratory group |
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What are the central inputs to the respiratory centres? |
Central (supramedullary): primarily via Pontine Respiratory group, controls: -Volitional, Pain, Temperature, Emotion -Speech, Swallow, Cough, Sneeze, Hiccup -Sleep, Exercise, Defecation, Parturition -Panting, sonar (animals) |
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Why is there a strong link between respiratory control and emotions? |
Because of the amygdala = strong links between PRG & DRG Amygdala is also sensitive to CO2, so if breathing is restricted, this can create a sense of fear |
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What is the speed and volume of breathing rate for positive and negative affect? |
1. Fear/anger: increase respiratory rate and sometimes depth 2. Positive affect: slow and deep (excited) or shallow (calm) |
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What is a panic attack? |
Panic attack: episode (~30min) of overwhelming anxiety and distress with:
Air hunger, shortness of breath, Hyperventilation |
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What is panic disorder? |
Frequent, unexpected acute panic attacks |
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Why do the symptoms of a panic attack come about? |
Because of the over breathing and Low CO2 *why people breath in a paper bag |
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What is the theory underlying this bizarre sequence of events that lead to panic attacks? |
False alarm hypothesis |
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Do panic disorder patients have a heightened sensitivity to CO2? |
yes. *remember: bidirectional relationship between panic and breathing; breathing and panic **Can be treated with education prior to episode |
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What are Breath holding spells? |
Occurs in toddlers who involuntarily hold their breath during a tantrum. *it is important not to give in if they are trying to get own way, as this could reinforce the behaviour. |
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What is Dyspnea? |
Dyspnea is a term for the discomfort associated with being short of breath/breathless |
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In a study that assessed positive/negative/neutral stimuli during 5 min fast walking, what did researchers find? |
Inducing Positive mood improved dyspnea
*good when considering obesity with comorbid depression - might get more breathing discomfort than those with obesity who aren't depressed |
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In a study that separated the relaxation/deep breathing condition with attentional deep breathing (match breath to computer), what did researchers find? |
relaxed deep breathing only condition: 1. pain threshold increased 2. sympathetic activity decreased |
