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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ARDS
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - A respiratory disorder characterized by respiratory insufficiency
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Raw
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Airway Resistance - a measure of the impedance to ventilation caused by the movement of gas through the airway.
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Chemical Name
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The name indicating the chemical structure of a drug
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COPD
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, is usually progressive, and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gases.
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Code Name
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A name assigned by a manufacturer to an experimental chemical that shows potential as a drug.
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CF
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Cystic Fibrosis - An inherited disease of the exocrine glands, affecting the pancreas, respiratory system, and apocrine glands.
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Drug Administration
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The method by which a drug is made available to the body
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Generic Name
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The name assigned to the chemical by the United States Adopted Name (USAN) Council when the chemical appears to have a therapeutic use and the manufacturer wishes to market the drug.
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Nonproprietary Name
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The name of the drug other than its trademark name.
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Official Name
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In the event the drug becomes fully approved for general use the generic name becomes the official name.
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Pharmacodynamics
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The mechanisms of drug action by which the drug molecule causes its effect in the body.
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Pharmacogenetics
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The study of the interrelationship of genetic differences and the drug effects.
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Pharmacognosy
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The identification of sources of drugs, from plants and animals.
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Pharmacokinetics
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The time course and disposition of a drug in the body, based on its absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination
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Pharmacology
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The study of drugs (chemicals), including their origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms.
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Pharmacy
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The preparation and dispensing of drugs.
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Pneumocystis Carinii
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The organism causing Pneumocystis pneumonia in humans
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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A gram-negative organism, primarily a nosocomial pathogen. It causes urinary tract infections, respiratory system infections, dermatitis, soft tissue infections etc
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Respiratory Care Pharmacology
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The application of pharmacology to the treatment of cardiopulmanary disease and critical care
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RSV
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus - A virus that causes the formation of syncytial masses in cells.
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Therapeutics
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The art of treating diseases with drugs.
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Toxicology
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The study of toxic substances and their pharmacological actions, including antidotes and poison control
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Agonist
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A chemical or drug that binds to a receptor and creates an effect on the body.
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Antagonist
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A chemical of drug that binds to a receptor but does not create an effect on the body; it actually blocks the receptor site from accepting the agonist.
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Bioavailability
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Amount of drug that reaches systematic circulation
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Drug Administration
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Method by which the drug is made available to the body.
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Enteral
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Use of the intestine
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First-Pass effect
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Initial metabolism in the liver of a drug taken orally before the drug reaches the systematic circulation.
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Hypersensitivity
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An allergic or immune-mediated reaction to a drug, which can be serious, requiring airway maintenance or vent assistance.
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Idiosyncratic Effect
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An abnormal or unexpected reaction to a drug other than an allergic reaction, as compared with the predicted effect.
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Inhalation
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Taking a substance, typically in the form gases, fumes, vapor, mists, aerosols, or dusts, into the body by breathing in.
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Local Effect
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Limited to the area of treatment
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L/T Ratio
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Lung Availability/systematic availability - amount of drug that is made available to the lung out of the total available to the body.
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Parenteral
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Any way other than the intestine, most commonly injection
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Receptor
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A cell component that combines with a drug to change or enhance the function of a cell.
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SAR
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Structure-activity relation - relationship between a drugs chemical structure and the outcome it has on the body.
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Synergism
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A drug interaction that occurs from combined drug effects that are greater than if the drugs were given alone.
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Systematic Effect
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Pertains to the whole body, whereas the target for the drug is not local, possibly causing side effects.
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Tachyphylaxis
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A rapid decrease in response to a drug
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TI
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Therapeutic Index - Difference between the minimal therapeutic and toxic concentrations of a drug; the smaller the difference the greater chance the drug will be toxic.
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Tolerance
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Describes a decreasing intensity of response to a drug over time.
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Topical
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Use of the skin or mucous membrane.
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Transdermal
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Use of the skin
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MDI
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Metered Dose Inhalers
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DPI
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Dry Powder Inhalers
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SVN
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Small Volume Nebulizers
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LVN
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Large Volume Nebulizers
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IV
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Intravenous
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IM
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Intramuscular
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SC
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Subcutaneous
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5 Elements of the Mucosal Barrier
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1. Airway Surface Liquid
2. Epithelial Cells 3. Basement Membrane 4. Interstitium 5. Capillary vascular network |
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Lipid Insoluble
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Ionized, polar, water-soluble drug
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Lipid soluble
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Nonionized, nonpolar drug
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Lipid
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Cell
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pKp
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The PH at which the drug is 50% ionized and 50% nonionized
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Vd
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Volume of Distribution is Volume of Distribution = drug amount/plasma concentration
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KG
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Kilogram
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MIC
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minimal inhibitory concentration - lowest concentration of a drug at which a microbial population is inhibited.
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Volumes of Major Body Compartments
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1. Vascular (blood) = 5L
2. Interstitial = 10L 3. Intracellular fluid = 20L 4. Fat (adipose tissue) = 14 -25L |
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Calculation to achieve a concentration of theophylline of 15mg/L with a Vd of 35L
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Drug amount (dose) = plasma concentration
dose = 15mg/L x35L Dose = 525 mg |
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Common Pathways for Drug Metabolism
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Phase 1
Oxidative hydroxylation, oxidative dealkylation, oxidative deamination, N-oxidation, reductive reactions, hydrolytic reactions. Phase 2 Conjugation reactions |
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clearance
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A measure of the body's ability to rid itself of a drug.
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T1/2
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Plasma Half Life - The time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by one half.
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CLp
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Plasma Clearance - refers to a hypothetical volume of plasma that is completely cleared of all drug over a given period. Usually expressed in (L/hr)
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Time-Plasma Curve
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The concentration of a drug in the plasma can be graphed as a time-plasma curve.
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Maintenance Dose
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To achieve a steady dose of drug in the body. Dosing rate(mg/hr) = (CLp) (L/hr)x Example:
Theophylline is given as 2.88 L/hr/70kg ideal adult, to maintain a plasma drug level of 15mg/L dosing rate = 2.88 L/hrx15mg/L= 43.2mg/hr |
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,ug/L
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Micrograms per liter (one millionth of a gram per liter)
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Isoproterenol
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Structure = Catecholamine
Pharmokinetics = Peak effect 20 minutes, duration 1.5 - 2 hours Side effect = increased heart rate Class of Drug = adrenergic bronchodilator Therapeutic effect = relax ariway smooth muscle |
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Albuterol
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Structure = Saligenin
Pharmokinectics = Peak effect 30 - 60 minutes Duration 4 - 6 hours Side Effect = little/no change in heart rate Class of Drug = adrenergic bronchodilator Therapeutic Effect = Relax airway smooth muscle. |
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4 Mechanisms for transmembrane signaling
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1. Lipid Soluble drugs cross the cell membrane and act on intracellular receptors to initiate the drug response
2. Drug attaches to the extracellular portion of a protein receptor, which projects into the cell cytoplasm. 3. Drug attaches to a surface receptor, which regulates the opening of an ion channel. 4. Drug attaches to a transmembrane receptor that is coupled to an intracellular enzyme by a G protein. |
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Gs
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G Protein
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GRE
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glucocorticoid response element
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