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72 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
ARDS
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - A respiratory disorder characterized by respiratory insufficiency
Raw
Airway Resistance - a measure of the impedance to ventilation caused by the movement of gas through the airway.
Chemical Name
The name indicating the chemical structure of a drug
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, is usually progressive, and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gases.
Code Name
A name assigned by a manufacturer to an experimental chemical that shows potential as a drug.
CF
Cystic Fibrosis - An inherited disease of the exocrine glands, affecting the pancreas, respiratory system, and apocrine glands.
Drug Administration
The method by which a drug is made available to the body
Generic Name
The name assigned to the chemical by the United States Adopted Name (USAN) Council when the chemical appears to have a therapeutic use and the manufacturer wishes to market the drug.
Nonproprietary Name
The name of the drug other than its trademark name.
Official Name
In the event the drug becomes fully approved for general use the generic name becomes the official name.
Pharmacodynamics
The mechanisms of drug action by which the drug molecule causes its effect in the body.
Pharmacogenetics
The study of the interrelationship of genetic differences and the drug effects.
Pharmacognosy
The identification of sources of drugs, from plants and animals.
Pharmacokinetics
The time course and disposition of a drug in the body, based on its absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination
Pharmacology
The study of drugs (chemicals), including their origin, properties, and interactions with living organisms.
Pharmacy
The preparation and dispensing of drugs.
Pneumocystis Carinii
The organism causing Pneumocystis pneumonia in humans
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
A gram-negative organism, primarily a nosocomial pathogen. It causes urinary tract infections, respiratory system infections, dermatitis, soft tissue infections etc
Respiratory Care Pharmacology
The application of pharmacology to the treatment of cardiopulmanary disease and critical care
RSV
Respiratory Syncytial Virus - A virus that causes the formation of syncytial masses in cells.
Therapeutics
The art of treating diseases with drugs.
Toxicology
The study of toxic substances and their pharmacological actions, including antidotes and poison control
Agonist
A chemical or drug that binds to a receptor and creates an effect on the body.
Antagonist
A chemical of drug that binds to a receptor but does not create an effect on the body; it actually blocks the receptor site from accepting the agonist.
Bioavailability
Amount of drug that reaches systematic circulation
Drug Administration
Method by which the drug is made available to the body.
Enteral
Use of the intestine
First-Pass effect
Initial metabolism in the liver of a drug taken orally before the drug reaches the systematic circulation.
Hypersensitivity
An allergic or immune-mediated reaction to a drug, which can be serious, requiring airway maintenance or vent assistance.
Idiosyncratic Effect
An abnormal or unexpected reaction to a drug other than an allergic reaction, as compared with the predicted effect.
Inhalation
Taking a substance, typically in the form gases, fumes, vapor, mists, aerosols, or dusts, into the body by breathing in.
Local Effect
Limited to the area of treatment
L/T Ratio
Lung Availability/systematic availability - amount of drug that is made available to the lung out of the total available to the body.
Parenteral
Any way other than the intestine, most commonly injection
Receptor
A cell component that combines with a drug to change or enhance the function of a cell.
SAR
Structure-activity relation - relationship between a drugs chemical structure and the outcome it has on the body.
Synergism
A drug interaction that occurs from combined drug effects that are greater than if the drugs were given alone.
Systematic Effect
Pertains to the whole body, whereas the target for the drug is not local, possibly causing side effects.
Tachyphylaxis
A rapid decrease in response to a drug
TI
Therapeutic Index - Difference between the minimal therapeutic and toxic concentrations of a drug; the smaller the difference the greater chance the drug will be toxic.
Tolerance
Describes a decreasing intensity of response to a drug over time.
Topical
Use of the skin or mucous membrane.
Transdermal
Use of the skin
MDI
Metered Dose Inhalers
DPI
Dry Powder Inhalers
SVN
Small Volume Nebulizers
LVN
Large Volume Nebulizers
IV
Intravenous
IM
Intramuscular
SC
Subcutaneous
5 Elements of the Mucosal Barrier
1. Airway Surface Liquid
2. Epithelial Cells
3. Basement Membrane
4. Interstitium
5. Capillary vascular network
Lipid Insoluble
Ionized, polar, water-soluble drug
Lipid soluble
Nonionized, nonpolar drug
Lipid
Cell
pKp
The PH at which the drug is 50% ionized and 50% nonionized
Vd
Volume of Distribution is Volume of Distribution = drug amount/plasma concentration
KG
Kilogram
MIC
minimal inhibitory concentration - lowest concentration of a drug at which a microbial population is inhibited.
Volumes of Major Body Compartments
1. Vascular (blood) = 5L
2. Interstitial = 10L
3. Intracellular fluid = 20L
4. Fat (adipose tissue) = 14 -25L
Calculation to achieve a concentration of theophylline of 15mg/L with a Vd of 35L
Drug amount (dose) = plasma concentration
dose = 15mg/L x35L
Dose = 525 mg
Common Pathways for Drug Metabolism
Phase 1
Oxidative hydroxylation, oxidative dealkylation, oxidative deamination, N-oxidation, reductive reactions, hydrolytic reactions.
Phase 2
Conjugation reactions
clearance
A measure of the body's ability to rid itself of a drug.
T1/2
Plasma Half Life - The time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by one half.
CLp
Plasma Clearance - refers to a hypothetical volume of plasma that is completely cleared of all drug over a given period. Usually expressed in (L/hr)
Time-Plasma Curve
The concentration of a drug in the plasma can be graphed as a time-plasma curve.
Maintenance Dose
To achieve a steady dose of drug in the body. Dosing rate(mg/hr) = (CLp) (L/hr)x Example:
Theophylline is given as 2.88 L/hr/70kg ideal adult, to maintain a plasma drug level of 15mg/L
dosing rate = 2.88 L/hrx15mg/L= 43.2mg/hr
,ug/L
Micrograms per liter (one millionth of a gram per liter)
Isoproterenol
Structure = Catecholamine
Pharmokinetics = Peak effect 20 minutes, duration 1.5 - 2 hours
Side effect = increased heart rate
Class of Drug = adrenergic bronchodilator
Therapeutic effect = relax ariway smooth muscle
Albuterol
Structure = Saligenin
Pharmokinectics = Peak effect 30 - 60 minutes Duration 4 - 6 hours
Side Effect = little/no change in heart rate
Class of Drug = adrenergic bronchodilator
Therapeutic Effect = Relax airway smooth muscle.
4 Mechanisms for transmembrane signaling
1. Lipid Soluble drugs cross the cell membrane and act on intracellular receptors to initiate the drug response
2. Drug attaches to the extracellular portion of a protein receptor, which projects into the cell cytoplasm.
3. Drug attaches to a surface receptor, which regulates the opening of an ion channel.
4. Drug attaches to a transmembrane receptor that is coupled to an intracellular enzyme by a G protein.
Gs
G Protein
GRE
glucocorticoid response element