Respiratory - Anatomy, Embryology, Histology

Front 1

Which lung is larger?
What are the lobes and fissures?

Back 1

The right lung is larger than the left and is separated into superior, middle, and inferior lobes by an oblique fissure and a horizontal fissure.

The left lung is separated into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by an oblique fissure.

Front 2

What do the roots of the lungs contain?

Back 2

1) Main bronchus
2) Pulmonary artery and two pulmonary veins
3) Bronchial arteries that supply lung tissue
4) Autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Front 3

In the hilus of the right lung, which structure is superior?

Back 3

The upper lobar bronchus is superior to the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary veins. The right pulmonary artery is anterior to the bronchus.

Front 4

In the hilus of the left lung, what structure is superior?

Back 4

The pulmonary artery is superior to the main bronchus and the pulmonary veins.

RALS
Right anterior
Left superior

Front 5

How do the main bronchus split and serve the areas of the lungs?

Back 5

In each lung, the main bronchus divides into lobar bronchi (3 on the right, 2 on the left), and each lobar bronchus divides into 10 segmental bronchi.

Front 6

How does the lymph from the left lung travel?
Right lung?

Back 6

Lymph from the left lung enters a left bronchomediastinal trunk, which empties into the thoracic duct.
Lymph from the right lung enters a right bronchomediastinal trunk, which empties into the right lymphatic duct, which drains into the junction of the right internal jugular vein and the right subclavian vein.

Front 7

What are the pulmonary plexus?
What nerves are contained in them?

Back 7

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that innervate glands and smooth muscle in the trachea, bronchi, and the lungs.

Each pulmonary plexus contains:
a) Preganglionic parasympathetic axons from vagus nerve (CN X)
b) Postganglionic parasympathetic axons from terminal ganglia in the plexus
c) Postganglionic sympathetic axons from cervical and upper thoracic (cardiopulmonary) splanchnic nerves.

Front 8

When does the first sign of the respiratory system appear? What happens?

Back 8

Week 4.
Formation of the respiratory diverticulum in the ventral wall of the primitive foregut. The distal end of the respiratory diverticulum enlarges to form the lung bud.

Front 9

What does the lung bud branch into?

Back 9

The lung bud divides into two bronchial buds, which branch into the main (primary), lobar (secondary), segmental (tertiary), and subsegmental bronchi.

Front 10

What separates the respiratory system from the digestive system?

Back 10

The respiratory diverticulum initially is in open communication with the foregut, but eventually they become separated by indentations of mesodem, the tracheoesophageal folds. When the tracheoesophageal folds fuse in the midline to form the tracheoesophageal septum, the foregut is divided into the trachea ventrally and esophagus dorsally.

Front 11

What are the periods of development for the lung?
When can premature infants survive?

Back 11

Pseudoglandular period (weeks 7-16)
Canalicular period (weeks 16-24)
Terminal sac period (week 24- birth)
Alveolar period (week 32 to 8 years of age)

Premature infants born before week 20 rarely survive.
Premature infants born between weeks 25 and 28 can survive with intensive care.

Front 12

What is the conduction portion of the respiratory system composed of?

Back 12

The larger airways of the conduction portion (i.e. bronchi) are organized into a mucosa, muscular layer, submucosa, and adventitia.

Front 13

What is the respiratory epithelium that lines the trachea and bronchi composed of?

Back 13

Trachea and bronchi are lined by a respiratory epithelium that is classically described as a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells, which contains the following cell types:
A. Ciliated cells (30%)
B. Goblet cells (30%)
C. Brush cells
D. Endocrine cells (Kulchitsky cells)
E. Basal cells

Front 14

What are bronchioles and terminal bronchioles lined by?

Back 14

Simple ciliated columnar or simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium containing Clara cells.

Front 15

What are alveoli lined by?

Back 15

Type I pneumocytes, a simple squamous epithelium.
Type II pneumocytes, functional stem cells
Alveolar macrophages
Alveolar pores (pores of Kohn)