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31 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
conducting portion
maintain open passage for air, conditions air
nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
gas exchange portion
respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
respiratory epithelium
ciliated columnar cells - mucocillary elevator
goblet cells - apical mucin droplets
brush cells - have microvilli, absorptive function
basal cells - stem cells
neuroendocrine cells (small granule) - secrete hormones, active peptides
the more undifferentiated the worse the diagnosis
lamina propria
the CT under the epithelium
rich vascular networks: helps to warm the air, airflow goes in the opposite direction as the arterial bloodflow
seromucous glands - provide viscous mucous that will help moisten the air and clean it
MALT found in areas exposed to the external envirnoment
support tissues
cartilage, smooth muscles, elastic fibers
outtermost layer
nasal cavity
superior nasal bone and medial septum, inferior hard and soft palates
anterior: nares, vibrissae, vestibule, epithelial transition from skin to stratified squamous
posteroir: nasal chonchea (superior, middle, inferior [have specialized olfactory epithelium]), turbinate bones covered with respiratory epithelium, lamina propria (vascular networks swell bodies), olfactory epithelium
olfactory epithelium
basal cells - renewing epithelium
brush cells
sustentacular cells - support cells
olfactory cells - apical dendrite has olfactory vesicle with multiple cilia, basal axons extend from cells, they are modifed neurons
olfactory glands
paranasal sinuses
not part of the conducting pathway
drain into the nasal cavity
respiratory muscosa
air spces in the skull
route of infection b/c they communicate with the nasal cavity
nasopharynx
portion of the pharynx
respiratory muscosa
pharyngeal tonsil
opening of the eustachian tube
larynx
regulate airflow during swallowing, sound production, tubular, support tissues in cartilage
epiglottis - most superior aspect, valve flap of tissue, covered with mucosa, linginal surface, laryngeal surface, elastic cartilage
False (ventricular) vocal fold - at the base of the epiglottis, covered with respiratory epithleium and seromucous glands in the lamina propria
True vocal fold - rima glottis, vocalis muscle, core of skeletal muscle
intrinsic laryngeal muscle - tension on true vocal cords, closure of glottis
trachea
tubular structure, with lots of incomplete rings of cartilage
lined with respiratory epithelium
submucosa - CT layer, elastic membrane seperates it
C-shaped cartilage - hyualine
support layer - trachealis muscle and elastic ligament
has a thick BM due to thick reticular lamina, lots of serous mucous, elastic membrane
bronchi
respiratroy mucosa
hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle, elastic fibers,
Progressing from upper to lower bronchi: lumen decreases in diameter, cartilage decreases as smooth muscle increases, decrease in seromucous glands, decrease in goblet cells
bronchioles
respiratory mucosa, NO seromucous glands, NO cartilage, smooth muscle and elastic
progressing from upper to lower bronchioles: decrease in goblet cells, decrease in height and complexity of epithelium, decrease in cillia, increase in elastic fibers
terminal bronchioles
end of conducting portion
simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium
clara cells - oxidases, anti-proteases, surfactant constituents
pulmonary lobule - terminal bronchiole and lung tissue it supplies
NO goblet cells and NO mucous production
respiratory bronchioles
first part of respiratory portion where gas exchange occurs
lining epithelium is similar to terminal broncihole except at points where alveoli open into the bronchiole and attenuates to simple squamous epithelium
pulmonary acinus - respiratory bronchiole and lung tissue it supplies
Alveolar ducts and sac
composed of alveoli, cup shaped structures
alveolar epithelium
Alveolar type I and II cells
Alveolar type II cells
produce surfactant constituents
can differentiate into alveolar type I cells
surfactant: phosolipids, protein, GAG, hydrophobic proteins maintain the surfactant layer, modulate immune responses and allergic reactions
neonatal idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome
alveoli do not expand with subsequent exudation of fluid and plasma proteins into the airspace forming an amorphous lining
Alveolar septum constituents
type I and II line the septum
pulmonary capillaries - EC produce ACE
macrophages
CT cells and fibers
alveolar pores
equalize the pressure and are an alternate path for airflow
blood-air barrier
where gas exchange occurs in the septum
capillary endothelium, continuous capillaries
type I cells
fused basal lamina of endothelium and type I cells
chronic bronchitis
thickening of bronchiole wall due to infiltration of inflammatory cells, hypertrophy of smooth muscle, hyperplasia of seromucous glands, hyperplasia and metaplasia of epithelium
emphysema
loss of elastic fibers and breakdown of alveolar wall results in large confluent airspaces
centroacinar emphysema
common in smokers
respiratory bronchioles affect, distal passage intact
macrophages secrete proteases and chemoattractants for neutrophils, neutrophils appear in alveolar lumen and release elastases
panacinar emphysema
pateinets with a deficieny in alpha 1 antitrypsin gene which normally inhibits elastase production
asthma
airway hyperresponsive inflammatory reaction, may be triggered by allergens or abnormal ANS response
bronchioconstriction and excessive mucous production
interstitial fibrosis
end stage of interstitial lung diseases leading to increased collagen production
can be caused by ducts such as silica, abestos, coal, organic dusts,
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - sarcoidosis
cancer
toxins, smoking, repeated infection, cilia destroyed, metaplasia of columnar cells to stratified squamous epithelium, can lead to squamous cell carcinoma, columnar cells are stem cells for adenocarcinoma
visceral pleura
simple squamous mesothelium on thin CT layer, seal lung surfaces
parietal pleura
thicker mesothelium on CT
mesothelioma
previous exposure to abestos, tumors may occur in pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium