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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
conducting portion
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maintain open passage for air, conditions air
nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles |
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gas exchange portion
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respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
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ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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respiratory epithelium
ciliated columnar cells - mucocillary elevator goblet cells - apical mucin droplets brush cells - have microvilli, absorptive function basal cells - stem cells neuroendocrine cells (small granule) - secrete hormones, active peptides the more undifferentiated the worse the diagnosis |
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lamina propria
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the CT under the epithelium
rich vascular networks: helps to warm the air, airflow goes in the opposite direction as the arterial bloodflow seromucous glands - provide viscous mucous that will help moisten the air and clean it MALT found in areas exposed to the external envirnoment |
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support tissues
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cartilage, smooth muscles, elastic fibers
outtermost layer |
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nasal cavity
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superior nasal bone and medial septum, inferior hard and soft palates
anterior: nares, vibrissae, vestibule, epithelial transition from skin to stratified squamous posteroir: nasal chonchea (superior, middle, inferior [have specialized olfactory epithelium]), turbinate bones covered with respiratory epithelium, lamina propria (vascular networks swell bodies), olfactory epithelium |
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olfactory epithelium
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basal cells - renewing epithelium
brush cells sustentacular cells - support cells olfactory cells - apical dendrite has olfactory vesicle with multiple cilia, basal axons extend from cells, they are modifed neurons olfactory glands |
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paranasal sinuses
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not part of the conducting pathway
drain into the nasal cavity respiratory muscosa air spces in the skull route of infection b/c they communicate with the nasal cavity |
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nasopharynx
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portion of the pharynx
respiratory muscosa pharyngeal tonsil opening of the eustachian tube |
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larynx
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regulate airflow during swallowing, sound production, tubular, support tissues in cartilage
epiglottis - most superior aspect, valve flap of tissue, covered with mucosa, linginal surface, laryngeal surface, elastic cartilage False (ventricular) vocal fold - at the base of the epiglottis, covered with respiratory epithleium and seromucous glands in the lamina propria True vocal fold - rima glottis, vocalis muscle, core of skeletal muscle intrinsic laryngeal muscle - tension on true vocal cords, closure of glottis |
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trachea
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tubular structure, with lots of incomplete rings of cartilage
lined with respiratory epithelium submucosa - CT layer, elastic membrane seperates it C-shaped cartilage - hyualine support layer - trachealis muscle and elastic ligament has a thick BM due to thick reticular lamina, lots of serous mucous, elastic membrane |
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bronchi
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respiratroy mucosa
hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle, elastic fibers, Progressing from upper to lower bronchi: lumen decreases in diameter, cartilage decreases as smooth muscle increases, decrease in seromucous glands, decrease in goblet cells |
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bronchioles
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respiratory mucosa, NO seromucous glands, NO cartilage, smooth muscle and elastic
progressing from upper to lower bronchioles: decrease in goblet cells, decrease in height and complexity of epithelium, decrease in cillia, increase in elastic fibers |
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terminal bronchioles
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end of conducting portion
simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium clara cells - oxidases, anti-proteases, surfactant constituents pulmonary lobule - terminal bronchiole and lung tissue it supplies NO goblet cells and NO mucous production |
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respiratory bronchioles
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first part of respiratory portion where gas exchange occurs
lining epithelium is similar to terminal broncihole except at points where alveoli open into the bronchiole and attenuates to simple squamous epithelium pulmonary acinus - respiratory bronchiole and lung tissue it supplies |
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Alveolar ducts and sac
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composed of alveoli, cup shaped structures
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alveolar epithelium
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Alveolar type I and II cells
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Alveolar type II cells
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produce surfactant constituents
can differentiate into alveolar type I cells surfactant: phosolipids, protein, GAG, hydrophobic proteins maintain the surfactant layer, modulate immune responses and allergic reactions |
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neonatal idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome
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alveoli do not expand with subsequent exudation of fluid and plasma proteins into the airspace forming an amorphous lining
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Alveolar septum constituents
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type I and II line the septum
pulmonary capillaries - EC produce ACE macrophages CT cells and fibers alveolar pores equalize the pressure and are an alternate path for airflow |
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blood-air barrier
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where gas exchange occurs in the septum
capillary endothelium, continuous capillaries type I cells fused basal lamina of endothelium and type I cells |
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chronic bronchitis
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thickening of bronchiole wall due to infiltration of inflammatory cells, hypertrophy of smooth muscle, hyperplasia of seromucous glands, hyperplasia and metaplasia of epithelium
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emphysema
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loss of elastic fibers and breakdown of alveolar wall results in large confluent airspaces
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centroacinar emphysema
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common in smokers
respiratory bronchioles affect, distal passage intact macrophages secrete proteases and chemoattractants for neutrophils, neutrophils appear in alveolar lumen and release elastases |
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panacinar emphysema
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pateinets with a deficieny in alpha 1 antitrypsin gene which normally inhibits elastase production
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asthma
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airway hyperresponsive inflammatory reaction, may be triggered by allergens or abnormal ANS response
bronchioconstriction and excessive mucous production |
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interstitial fibrosis
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end stage of interstitial lung diseases leading to increased collagen production
can be caused by ducts such as silica, abestos, coal, organic dusts, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - sarcoidosis |
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cancer
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toxins, smoking, repeated infection, cilia destroyed, metaplasia of columnar cells to stratified squamous epithelium, can lead to squamous cell carcinoma, columnar cells are stem cells for adenocarcinoma
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visceral pleura
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simple squamous mesothelium on thin CT layer, seal lung surfaces
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parietal pleura
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thicker mesothelium on CT
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mesothelioma
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previous exposure to abestos, tumors may occur in pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium
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