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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 7 types of drugs used for respiratory ailments? |
- Bronchodilators - Respiratory vasodilators - Mucolytic expectorants - Anti-tussives - Anti-inflammatories and anti-hisamines - Respiratory stimulants - Nasal decongestants |
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What are the 3 types of bronchodilators? |
Methylxanthines (Caffeine derivatives) Mixed sympathomimetics (ADr, NADr) Beta-2 agonists (Clenbuterol) |
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What are the main drugs in the methylxanthine class? |
Theophylline Aminophylline |
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What are the effects of the methyxanthines? |
(think caffeine!) - Bronchiolar dilation - CNS stimulation (increased alertness) - CVS effects - heart beats harder and faster - Diuretic |
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Why are the methylxanthines rarely used clinically now? |
- Not very efficacious - Narrow therapeutic window |
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What signs of toxicity are associated with the methylxanthine? |
- CNS stimulation (seizures) - Cardiac stimulation (tacycardia, arrhythmia) - Diuresis |
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What is the name of the one respiratory vasodilator used in veterinary medicine (not commonly)? |
Sildenafil |
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What is Sildenafil's MOA? |
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 (found in lungs and penis) leading to vasodilation |
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How do mucolytics and expectorants differ? |
Both liquefy fluid/mucous. Mucolytics do so via enzymatic breakdown of mucous where as expectorants increase respiratory secretion helping to liquefy respiratory fluid |
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What are the main mucolytics used in veterinary medicine? |
Bromhexine N-acetylcysteine |
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What is the main expectorant used in veterinary medicine? |
Guaifenesin |
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What is bromhexine and what is its MOA |
Mucolytic - not well known but believed to enhance lysosomal enzymes to increase mucous breakdown |
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What is N-acetylcysteine and what is its MOA? |
Mucolytic - Breaks mucoprotein disulphide bonds in mucous - Also used in treatment of paracetamol toxicity to scavenge metabolites |
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What are the two main types of anti-tussives used in veterinary medicine? |
Opioid and Non-opioid |
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Why do we want to inhibit coughing is some cases and what are the risks of this? |
Chronic coughing can perpetuate a vicious cycle where irritation causes coughing which in-tern causes more irritation and more coughing. Coughing is generally a protective mechanism and thus suppression of this may cause further inflammation and damage |
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How do opioids produce an anti-tussive effect? |
Via inhibition of the cough reflex |
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What is the main non-opioid anti-tussive used in veterinary medicine? |
Dextromethorphan |
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The preparation Linctol contains dextromethorphan, chlorpheniramine and ephidrine, what are the concerns with this? |
If the cause of the cough is secondary (heart failure) ephidrine may exacerbate the problem via making the heart beat harder. Also efficacy uncertain |
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What is the only respiratory stimulant used in veterinary medicine and what is it used for? |
Doxapram Used to kick-start respiration in newborns |
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What are the limitations of doxapram? |
- Leads to shallow breathing which decreases oxygen exchange - Disputable efficacy |
