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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are air passages grouped?
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Structurally and Functionally
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How is the respiratory system grouped structurally?
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Upper-nose and pharynx
Lower-larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs |
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How is the respiratory system classified functionally?
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Conducting- Nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchiles
Respiratory- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli |
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Where is the site of gas exchange between air and blood?
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alveoli
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Is inhalation or exhalation an active process?
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inhalation
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What things are significant to inhalation?
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Diaphragm, external intercostals, elastic fibers
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What is the tidal volume?
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500ml
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Nasal conchae create narrow ribbon-like passages that improve the conditioning of the inspired air how? (2 ways) The result is an increas in the flow and swirling of air called ____.
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1.by creating turbulence in airflow
2.by increasing the SA of respiratory epithelium Turbulent precipitation |
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What are the tree components of the nasal cavity?
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vestibule-skin lined
respiratory region-respiratory epithelium olfactory region-olfactory epithelium |
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Dust and dirt in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity is pushed in what direction?
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Posteriorly throgh the nasopharynx to the oropharynx by the action of cilia
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What is in the lamina propria of the respiratory region?
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Elastic fibers, collagen, many cellular elements, sero-mucous glands, swell organs
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Significance of the swell organs(large venous plexuses)?
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They can become distended with blood during allergic reations causing restricted air flow. Blood also alternates flow to each nasal cavity allowing air to flow in one cavity at a time allowing the respiratory epithelium to recover from decessication
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The mucosa of the nasal cavity rests directly on bone and this soft tissue is referred to as ?
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mucoperiosteum
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Smell is accomplished what two ways?
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Orthonasally(nose) or retronasally (mouth)
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What four cell types are found in the olfactory epithelium?
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Olfactory cells
Supporting cells Basal cells Brush cells |
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What is the functional component of the olfactory cells?
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SVA
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What are the olfactory cells?
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bipolar neurons; only neurons wto retain a primitivfe location in a surface epithelium
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What location does the olfactory cells nuclei obtain in the olfactory epithelium?
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Middle
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Long, nonmotile processes that serve as sensory receptors for smell
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olfactory cilia
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Distal part of the olfactory cells are slender and serve as a _____, it ends in a bulbous knob, ______ that bears 6 to 8 olfactory cilia.
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dendrite
olfactory vesicle |
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What cranial nerve are the olfactory cells apart of?
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Cranial nerve I
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Olfactory cells work by which messenger pathway?
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G-protein receptors
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Tall columnar cells with microvilli in olfactory epithelium
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supporting cells
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Location of supporting cell nuclei in olfactory epithelium?
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Apical
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Location of basal cell in olfactory nuclei
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basal portion, partly sheathe the first portion of the olfactory cell axon
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What is unique about the basal cells of olfactory epithelium?
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they are stem cells for neurons, replenish neurons
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Components of the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium
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many cellular elements, olfactory glands of Bowman, prominent olfactory nerve fascicles (fila olfactoria), blood vessels and numerous lymphatics
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The olfactory mucosa, like the respiratory mucosa, is also referred to as
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mucoperiosteum
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What do the Bowman's glands secrete?
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serous fluid, IgA, lysozyme, Odorant-binding protein
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What are characteristics of substances with strong odors?
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high water and lipid solubility
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Functions of conducting system?
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1.conducts air for cellular oxidation
2.removes air debris by ciliary action 3.transports gases 4.air conditioning of inspired air |
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Functin of respiartory zone?
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Permit oxygenation of the blood and removal from it of carbon dioxide
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What lines the paranasal sinuses?
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respiartory epithelium; they drain into the nasal cavity
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What are the four paranasal sinuses?
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frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary
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What tonsil is found in the nasopharynx?
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pharyngeal tonsil
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What is the nasal cavity supported by?
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bone and cartilage
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What is the layrnx supported by?
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cartillage and muscle
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What covers the epiglottis? type of cartilage
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stratified squamous nonkeratinzed epithelium; elastic
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What cartilage is the thyroid cartilage?
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hyaline
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The larynx has a superior and inferior fold, whch is the false vocal fold and which is the true vocal vold?
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Superior=false
Inferior=true vocal fold These are separated by a space called the ventricle |
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What is in the lamina propria of the larynx?
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LP rich in elastic fibers and contains mixed glands, blood and diffuse lymphoid tissues, nerve fasicles
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What muscle underlies the true vocal fold?
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vocalis muscle
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Describe the epithelium of the larynx
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The pseudostratified epithelium gives way to stratified squamous epithelium in the lower true vocal fold after a transitional region of stratified columnar epithelium. It returns to the pseudostratified epithelium after the true fold in the lower larynx.
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Larger plates of cartilage of the larynx (cricoid, thyroid, aytenoids) are composed of ?
Smaller cartilages (cuneiform and corniculate) are composed of? |
large-hyaline
small-elastic |
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The epithelium of the layrnx conatains what two types of cells?
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ciliated and goblet
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Which way does the cilia in the larynx beat/
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toward the pharynx to be swallowed
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What origin is the respiratory epithelium?
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endoderm
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What makes up the respiratory epithelium?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; goblet cells, ciliated cells, basal cells, brush cells, and DNES
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Ciliated cells always move toward
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the pharynx
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Brush cells contain
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brush border microvilli, have afferent synapses with nerve processes that reach it from the underlying connective tissue, thought to be sensory
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DNES=small granule cells
Function: |
not well understood; associated with nerve fibers, from "neuroepithelial bodies" that are thought to function in the reflexes regulating the airway or vascular caliber
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Goblet cells secrete ? Function:
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mucus; traps particulate matter, prevents decessication, moistens
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Structure of trachea?
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C rings of hyaline cartilage connected by trachealis muscle
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What types of epithelium lines the trachea? glands?
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respiratory epithelium, mixed glands
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The lungs are divided into lobes Right into ___ and left into ___.
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right-3
left-2 |
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The lobes are subdivided into
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bronchopulmonary segments and finally into poorly defined lobules.
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The sides of each pulmonary lobule are bounded by an incomplete
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interlobular septa
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As branching increases, diameter of lumen _____, total surface area _____.
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lumen decreases
surface area increases |
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With a decrease in amount of cartilage there is an increase in the amount of ?
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smooth muscle
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With an increase in branching
- _____ amount of elastic fibers -______ height and number of cilia -______ number of glands |
increase in elastic fibers
decrease in height and cilia decrease in number of glands |
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Characteristics of primary bronchi?
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respiratory epithelium, o-rings of cartilage, mixed glands
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Conducting bronchioles characteristics?
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short tubes which branch often
ciliated simple columnar with golbet cells no cartilage no glands Prominent smooth muscle Supplies one lobe |
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Characteristics of terminal brochiole?
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No goblet cells-Clara cells
ciliated simple cuboidal Clara cells secrete surfactant-like protective material(prevents collapsing), detoxify inhaled substances |
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ANS stimulation of bronchiolar smooth muscle:
Sympathetics: |
Increase diameter, bronchodialation, smooth muscle relaxes
**Epinephrine acts like sympathetics |
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ANS stiumlation:
Parasympathetics: |
Vagus nerve: decrease diameter, bronchoconstriction
**Histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins contract bronchiolar smooth muscle |
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Smooth muscle contracts at end of __1__ and relaxes during ___2___
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1 expiration
2 inspiration |
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The left or right primary bronchi is more verticle?
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Right
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Pulmonary arteries from right ventricle have ____ oxygen levels.
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low
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Bronchial arteries from the thoracic aorta have ___ oxygen content.
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high; supply large intrapolmonary bronchi
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Any passageway supported by cartilage is a
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bronchus
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Alveoli characteristics:
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saclike evaginations
aquire new until about age 8 each lung provides about 70-80meters squared SA for gas exchange |
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Each interalveolar septa may have one or more pores, what can the pores do?
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pores provide alternate route for air to get into sac if usual route blocked; also allows bacteria to spread quickly
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smallest functional unit of the lung?
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respiratory bronchiolar unit which contains a respiratory bronchiole and the alveoli associated with it
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4 layers of blood-air barrier
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1.endothelium of continuous capillaries
2. fused basal lamina 3. Type I pneumocyte 4. surfactant |
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Main transportation of CO2:
O2: |
HCO3
HbO2 |
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Functional unit of the lung:
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alveolus
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What type of mitotic is the Type I pneumocyte?
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FPM
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Which cell covers 95% of the surface of alveoli?
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Type I pneumocyte
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Role of type I Pneumocyte (40%)
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provide an intact surface of minimum thickness readily permeable to gases; tight junctions
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What do Type II pneumocytes(60%) secrete?
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DPPC- lipid surfactant material stored in vacuoles that appear as lamellar bodies
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Which cells produce the collagenous and elastic fibers and ground substance of the interalveolar spetae?
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fibroblasts
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Can Type II pneumocytes divide?
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yes
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What are the resident macrophages of the lungscalled?
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alveolar macros or dust cells
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What enzyme do dust cells make?
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elastase-breaks down elastic fibers
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Type of fiber found in alveolar walls
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Elastic
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What does DPPC do?
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It is a phospholipid, reduces surface tension in the alveoli keeping the airways from collapsing (reduces the attractive forces of water that would collapse the alveoli)
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What do mast cells make?
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leukotrienes, prostaglandins
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