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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Respiration
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process of breathing to allow exchange of gases (ie. O2) with internal structures (cells) & release of waste products (ie. CO2) in conjunction with the circulatory system
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Upper respiratory tract
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nasal cavity, pharynx
– Deliver air (warm, humid, & ‘cleanish’) |
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Lower respiratory tract
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larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli [lungs]
– Where gas exchange happens |
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Upper Respiratory Tract: Nose
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entrance point for air (also key for olfaction); hairs, mucus secretions (from sinuses), nasolacrimal duct drainage used to remove unwanted particles [sneezing too]
– As air passes through nasal cavity, picks up water (humidity -> 100% prior to entering lungs) & becomes body temp (warms) – Lymph system has tonsils to combat biological particles |
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Nasopharynx
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superior section (‘above’ soft palate); ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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Oropharynx
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inferior to nasopharynx (‘middle’), posterior to oral cavity - shared between respiratory & digestive systems; stratified squamous epithelium
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Laryngopharynx
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inferior section (‘below’ oropharynx) ends at epiglottis (entrance to larynx); stratified squamous + ciliated columnar epithelium
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Lower Respiratory Tract: Larynx
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epiglottis to trachea
– Includes ‘Adam’s apple’, hyoid bone, epiglottis, other cartilage & ligaments to create sturdy tube – Also houses vestibular folds (false vocal cords) that can close to ‘trap’ air in lungs + true vocal chords • Ligaments that vibrate with air passing over to produce variations of sounds [magnified by sinuses] |
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Trachea
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aka windpipe - smooth muscle & connective tissue hollow tube with cartilage ‘ribs’ for support/structure
• Connects larynx to bronchi – Coated with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia & goblet cells – Create ‘mucosal elevator’ – Damage leads to loss of cilia, difficulty removing mucus & foreign particles |
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Bronchi
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trachea splits into R & L primary bronchi that enter individual lungs
– R lung: primary bronchi splits into 3 branches – L lung: primary bronchi splits into 2 branches • Bronchi branching continues into bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles - > alveolar ducts -> alveoli (organized into clusters: alveolar sacs) |
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Alveoli
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• VERY thin membrane between inside alveolus and capillary (blood) allows diffusion of materials
– O2 in air (inhaled) -> blood (to body) – CO2 in blood (from body) -> air (exhaled) |
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Inspiration/Expiration
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• To inhale: diaphragm (skeletal muscle band) contracts (moves toward the
abdominal cavity); ribs use external intercostals to ‘raise’ rib cage – End result: pleural cavity gets bigger = air is drawn into lungs • To exhale: diaphragm relaxes; internal intercostals contract to ‘drop’ rib cage |
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Breathing really about pressure
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– Change in volume = change in pressure
• (UP) volume = pressure (DOWN) • If pressure decreases, more air pulled in to equilibriate (in other words: air will move from high pressure to low, just like diffusion) – Note: pressure between pleural membranes has to be negative to ‘stick’ them together |
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• To keep alveoli/lungs from collapsing in on themselves, need:
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1. Pressure
2. Compliance – Elasticity - amount of ‘give’ – Balloon vs. paper bag 3. Surfactant – Substance secreted in alveolar epithelium that reduces surface tension |
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spirometer
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Lung Volumes
• Measured |
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Respiratory volumes
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(air movement during ventilation)
– Inspiration = inhalation (air IN) – Expiration = exhalation (air OUT) • Normal respiration (at rest) = tidal volume • Inspiratory reserve volume = ‘extra’ air that can be inhaled • Expiratory reserve volume = air that can be forcefully expelled • Residual volume = air left in lungs after ERV |
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Lung Capacities Respiratory capacities
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(sums of resp volumes)
– Functional residual capacity: air left after normal expiration [passive] – Inspiratory capacity: TV + IRV [most air possible after deep breath] – Vital capacity: TV + IRV + ERV [total volume of air that can be expelled: ‘empty lungs’] – Total lung capacity: VC + RV [max TOTAL] |
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Gas Exchange
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• How to get O2 out of air & into blood, and CO2 out of blood & into lungs
– Only happens in alveoli; other areas = dead space |
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Partial pressure
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pressure based on specific gas in a mix
– PO2 = pressure caused by O2 – Cumulative: PO2 + PCO2 + PN + PH2O = air pressure – Why we care: explains gas exchange due to differences in pressure (gas moves from high P to lower P until at equilibrium) |
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hemoglobin (
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Gas Exchange Con’t
• O2 carried by hemoglobin (Hb) molecule that transports using iron – Tissue has myoglobin (same family as Hb) which pulls O2 into tissue from blood – Can increase release of O2 by: 1. PO2 2. PCO2 3. pH 4. temperature |
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Control of Respiration
• Autonomic control: |
– Medulla oblongata:
• Contraction of diaphragm + intercostals • Rhythm of breathing – Pons: • Switch between inspiration/expiration |
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Other stimuli & control:
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– External stimuli (temperature, pain, touch)
– Conscious control over depth & rate |
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To maintain homeostasis
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– Negative feedback mechanisms
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Control Con’t
• To maintain homeostasis |
• To maintain homeostasis:
– Negative feedback mechanisms • Receptor, control center, effector – Regulated primarily by blood CO2 levels – CO2 impacts blood pH • CO2 = pH • CO2 = pH |
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Training the System
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• Athletes can improve athletic abilities by increasing efficiency of communication/transport between respiratory & circulatory systems:
– Increase vital capacity – Increase active tidal volume – Increase respiratory rate |
