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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hollow spaces in the bones of the head with small openings connecting them to the nose which functions to regulate air temperature and humidity breathed in
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Sinuses
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Air passes through from outside (secondary means of breathing) when nasal passages are temporarily obstructed by a cold or during strenuous exercise
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Mouth
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Primary entrance for outside air into the respiratory system. Air is warmed, humidified and filtered/cleaned here.
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Nose
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The part of the throat that lies between the mouth and the larynx or voice box. Common pathway for food and air
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Pharynx
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An organ involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. It manipulates pitch and volume
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Larynx
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Flap over the larynx. For breathing it is open to allow air flow down the larynx and trachea. For eating, the it is closed so that the food is sent down the esophagus instead of to the lungs.
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Epiglottis
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Opening between the vocal cords at the upper part of the larynx.
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Glottis
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Folds of mucous membrane in the larynx; the superior pair are called the false _______ and inferior, the true _________
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vocal cord, vocal cords
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Nasal cavity, Pharnyx and Larynx
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Upper Respiratory tract
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Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs, Alveoli
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Lower Respiratory Tract
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Also known as windpipe. The tube which carries air from the throat into the lungs and is surrounded by 15-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage at the front and side which help protect and keep it open.
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Trachea
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The trachea divides into two tubes one enters the left and one enters the right lung.
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Bronchi
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Tertiary bronchi that continues to divide and become very narrow tubes, less than 1 millimeter in diameter.
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Bronchioles
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Individual hollow cavities contained within sacs (or ducts). They have very thin walls which allow for the exchange of gases Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide. They are surrounded by a network of capillaries, in which the inspired gases pass.
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Alveoli
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How does gas move in and out of lungs through?
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Pressure
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Respiratory muscles, pleural space, lungs, and alveoli are essential for what 3 things?
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Ventilation, perfusion and exchange of gases.
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When does the diaphragm and external intercostals CONTRACT to increase size of thorax?
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Inspiration
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When does the diaphragm RELAXE and internal intercostals CONTRACT to allow air to escape lungs?
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Expiration
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What is the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
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Ventilation
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The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the blood is related to?
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Perfusion
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What is responsible for moving the gases form one area to another?
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Diffusion
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What is the ACTIVE process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta?
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Inspiration
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What is the PASSIVE process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs, requiring little or no muscle work
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Expiration
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What is the chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collasping
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Surfactant
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What is the term used to describe the muscles used instead of the diaphragm and intercostals for breathing?
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Accessory muscles of respiration -
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The use of the sternocleidomastoid, spinal, neck, and abdominal muscles may be an indication of what?
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Abnormal or labored breathing pattern.
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During an assessment, the elevation of the clavicles during inspiration could indicate what?
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Ventilatory fatigue, air hunger or decreased lung expansion.
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The ability of the lungs to distend or to expand is response to increased intraalveolar pressure is called?
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Compliance
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What is the pressure difference between the mouth and the alveoli in relation to the rate of flow of inspired gas called?
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Airway resistance
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Asthma, airway obstruction, and tracheal edema increase or decrease airway resistance?
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Increase
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When airway resistance increases, the amount of air flowing through the airways increases or decreases?
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Decreases
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Adequate ventilation is dependent on?
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Clear airway, intact nervous system, intact thoracic cavity, and adequate lung compliance--ability of lungs to expand.
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I:E ration
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1:2
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What happens during inspiration?
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Diaphragm and EXT. intercostal muscles contraction; Intrathoracic pressure increases; and Lung compliance stretches and fills with air.
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What happens during expiration?
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Passive; diaphragm relaxes and INT.intercostal contract; Intrathoracic pressure decreases;
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What are the conducting portions of respiratory. What does it transport?
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Iincludes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and progressively smaller airways, from the
primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles. Air |
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What are the respiratory portions that carry out gas exchange.
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Small airways called respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and air sacs called alveoli
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What is diffusion
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Exchange of gases in the alveoli and the capillaries of the body tissues.
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O2 is transferred from the ____ to the _____ and CO2 is transferred from the ______to the ______and exhaled.
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lungs...blood...blood...alveoli
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Rate of respiratory diffusion depends on membrane thickness. Thicker membrane ______diffusion therefore gas exchange is ________.
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impedes; slower
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what do patients with pulmonary edema, infiltrates or effusion have?
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Thickened membrane, slow diffusion, slow gas exchange and decrease O2 delivery to tissue.
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Why do clients with COPD work harder at breathing?
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Lose of elastic recoil of the lungs and thorax.
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Decrease in surfactant production can sometimes develop _____.
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Atelectasis
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What does O2 transport system consist of?
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Lungs and cardiovascular system
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O2 delivery depends on amount of O2 entering the lung_______, blood flow to the lungs and tissues________, the rate of ______ and O2 carrying capacity.
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Ventilation; perfusion; diffusion
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What are the 3 things that influence the capacity of blood to carry O2
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Amount of dissolved O2 in the plasma
Amount of Hemoglobin Tendency of Hemoglobin to bind to O2 |
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Hemoglobin transports ____% of O2
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about 97
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What are the 2 processes that control respiration
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Neural and chemical regulators
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Neural regulation?
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Maintains rhythm and depth of respiration and balance between inspiration and expiration.
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Chemical regulation?
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Maintains appropriate rate and depth of respirations based on change's in the blood's CO2, O2, and H+ ion concentrations.
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Neural Regulation consist of?
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Cerebral Cortex and Medulla Oblongata
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Voluntary control of respiration delivers impulses to the respiratory motor neurons by way of spinal cord accomodates speaking, eating and swimming
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Cerebral Cortex
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Automatic control of respiration occurs continuously.
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Medulla Oblongata
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Located in the medulla, aortic body and carotid body.
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Chemoreceptors
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Changes in CO2 O2 and H+ ions stimulate __________to stimulate neural regulators to adjust rate and depth of ventilation to maintain ABG levels
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Chemoreceptors
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What interfers with diffusion>
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Pneumonia, Atelactasis, Pneumothorax and COPD
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Pneumonia
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An inflammation of the lungs caused by an infection.
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Diagnostic Test for Pneumonia
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Crackles are heard when listening to the chest with a stethoscope (auscultation). Tests include: chest X-ray, sputum gram stain, CBC, arterial blood gases.
This disease may also alter the results of the following tests: thoracic CT, routine sputum culture, pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan, pleural fluid culture, lung needle biopsy . |
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Medical Treatment for Pneumonia
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Cure the infection with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is caused by a virus, antibiotics will not be effective.
Supportive therapy includes oxygen and respiratory treatments to remove secretions. |
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Types of Pneumonia
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3 types: hospital-acquired community-acquired and ventilation -acquired
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