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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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list the order through which inhaled air passes?
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1. Primary bronchus
2. secondary bronchus 3. bronchioles 4. terminal bronchiole 5. respiratory bronchioles 6. alveolar ducts 7. alveoli |
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list the functions of the respiratory system
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-moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
-protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment -provides gas exchange between air and circulating blood through extensive surface area -produces sounds "phonation" -participates in olfactory sense |
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in order of inhaled air name the areas of the respiratory system from the nasal vestibule to trachea
(what kinds of epithelium are in the areas) |
1. nasal vestibule- respiratory
2. nasal pharynx-respiratory 3. oropharynx- stratified squamous 4. laryngeopharynx- respiratory 6. larynx- repiratory 7. trachea- respiratory |
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describe respiratory epithelium?
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columnar cells with motile cilia, they move fluid and globlet ells that release a thick mucus. Stem and basal cells are present and these can divide/differentiate into the other types of cells to replace cells lost from natural over work
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describe the olfactory epithelium?
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they have ciliated cells that act as sensory cells they arent mobile and have lots of different chemical receptors, basal cells are present they can divide to replace other cells lost. the last type is a sustentacular cell that acts as a supportive cell and helps maintain the health of the bipolar (olfactory) cells. (the olfactory is thicker then the respiratory)
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What makes up the muco-ciliary escalator
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takes place in esophagus. Serous fluid sits of the cilia of the cells in the respiratory system. goes into the GI tract
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the direction of the muco-ciliary
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from the esophagus through the GI tract
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what is the advantage of the fluid in the muco-ciliary escalator
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it captures particles and bacteria and helps eliminate contaminated from the respiratory system.
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describe the true vocal fold structure
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its inferior to the false vocal crod anf is covered by stratified squamous epithelium and is supported by the skeletal muscle and is associated with the vocal ligament.
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describe the structure of a false vocal fold?
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its covered by respiratory epithelium and contains seromucus glands in the wall of both sides
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hows does a sounds itch controlled?
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it depends on the way the true vocal code is stretched and vibrated. ranging from high to low pitch Stretched and rapidly vibrating folds yield a high pitched sound whereas shortening the vocal cords is related to a lower pitch
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how is the loudness of a sound managed?
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the more air forced the louder the sound
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what is a patent?
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its an open state that allow air to flow in both directions.
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what do bronchioconstrictors (toxins/cold air) do to the patent
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it decreases the patentcy of the opening
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three aspects of air conditioning
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Warmth- flow of blood in vessels- associated with airways
Cleansing- entrapment of particles in nasal hairs and seromucus fluid and the removal via the muco-ciliary escalator humidification- due to addition of water from the secretion of glands into the lumen of the respiratory tubes |
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how are the structures of the trachea and the bronchi similar?
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they both have respiratory epithelium with connective tissue and smooth muscle in their walls
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how are the structures of trachea/bronchi different
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the trachea has a larger luman with C-shaped cartilage rings of hyaline cartilage. the bronchi are progressivly smaller with small individual plates of cartilage in the walls of the tubes. the trachea oly has smooth muscle in the posterior aspect between the ends of the C-shaped cartilage but bronchi have a spiral arrangement of smooth muscle underneath the epithelium.
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describe the lungs and their location
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the left and right lungs are in left and right pleural cavities the base is where the inferior portion of each lung rests on superior surface of the diaphragm. the lobes of the lungs have lobes separated by deep fissures
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how many lobes do the lungs have?
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the right has 3
-superior/middle/inferior -they are separated by horizontal and oblique fissures. the left has 2 lobes -superior/inferior -they are separated by an oblique fissure. |
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describe the pleural cavities and pleural membranes
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the pleural cavities each hold a lung and is lined with a serous membrane (the pleura)
they are both separated by the mediastinum. |
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what is in the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?
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it extends from the areas of the air entrance in to the body, the moth or nose, to the terminal bronchioles.
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the respiratory portion begins with the?
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respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and the alveolar sac.
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what is the conduction portion of the respiratory tract a series of?
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dichotomyous. branches that cleanse the air prior to its intro onto the finer aspects of the system.
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outline for blood supply
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it starts at the heart where it is deoxygenated then it travels to the bronchial arteries where it will become oxygenated then it stops before the alveoli and goes to the bronchial veins(deoxygenated) where it will eventually just go back to the right atrium .
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what is the importance of smooth muscle on bronchioles.
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regulates diameter and airflow through bronchioles. contracting=bronchial constriction increased resistance and slow air flow.
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importance of elastic fibers in the lung?
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they are important for the recoil events that occur in the lung. they are critical because they can help return the luman to original start position they they have the stretching ability
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describe the thin area of the alveoli?
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the thin contains the blood-air barrier and is the region where there is minimal wall between the inhaled air and the blood. the center of the blood-air barrier is the fused basal laminae of the endothelial cell and type 1 pneumocyte.
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describe the thick area of the alveoli?
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same stucture as thin with a variable amt of connective tissue between the basal laminae, Because the amt of connective tissue=thicker=minimizes opportunity of air to diffuse to the opposite side of the wall.
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structure and function of Type 1 pneumocytes?
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very stretched out cytoplasm and cover 95% of the alveolar walls but make only 5% of the cells. their cytoplasm is designed to create thin wall for gass exchange.
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structure and function of Type 2 pneumocytes?
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short squat cells whose nuclei protrude into the alveolar air space their cytoplasm is filled with swirls of lipid that are the constituents of surfactant.
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describe the layers of the blood-air barrier
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5 layers starting in the alveolar air space where air is inhaled and brought into the body air must transverse
1. surfactant 2.type 1 pneumocyte 3. fused basal laminae of pneumoctye and endothelial cell 4. the endothelial cell 5. the RBC Membrane |
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can the lungs move by themselves?
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NO if taken from the body they would not be able to move there fore something else must control the deflation and inflation of the lungs
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differentiate between the visceral and the parietal pleura?
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both are a simple squamous to cuboidal epithelial layer (mesothelium). the Visceral layer immediately surrounds the organ and the parietal layer lines the cavity in which the organs are located. Between the two layers there is a small amt of fluid secreted by the mesothelial cells.( ensures the organs can more freely w/out friction w/in cavity.
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name and location of the muscles during normal inhalation
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diaphragm- base of the pleural cavity
serratus anterior-rib cage pectoralis minor-rib cage scalene- by clavicle sternocleidomastoid- sternum to neck external intercostal- rib cage |
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Classic triad of MS
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Classic triad of MS is a
SIN: Scanning speech Intention tremor/internuclear ophthalmoplegia/incontinence Nystagmus |
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name and location of muscles used during normal exhalation
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transverses thoracis-rib cage
internal intercostal-rib cage both are used for forced exhalation as quite is simply a relaxation |
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Name and location of muscle used during forced inhalation
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diaphragm-pleural cavity
external intercostal muscles-rib cage activates accessory respiratory muscles serratus anterior, pec. minor, scalene, sternocleidomastoid |
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Name and location of muscles used during forced exhalation
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relax muscles used for forced inhalation (diaphragm and external intercostals, the accessory respiratory muscles)
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How does Boyle's law relate to pulmonary ventilation?
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P= 1/V
P1V1=P2V2 inversely proportional relationship between pressure and volume. ex)external pressure causes molecules to move closer together->volume decreaes |
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What is a respiratory cycle?
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= one inspiration (inhalation) and one expiration (exhalation)
-usually determined using quiet breathing |
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During inhalation, what is the relationship between rib movement, volume changes and pressure changes?
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when the rip cage expands, the volume increases in the lungs, resulting in a pressure drop
-boyle's law |
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In exhalation, what is the relationship between rib movement, volume changes, and pressure changes?
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The muscles relax, causing air to leave the lungs. which leads to a decrease in volume and an increase in pressure in the lungs forcing air out
(more pressure in lung cavity causes air to be forced out to area with less pressure) |
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Describe compliance and its relationship to pulmonary ventilation
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=how easily the lungs expand and contrct-relying mostly on elastic fibers
->low compliance requires greater force (doesn't move very well) ->high compliance requires less force(moves easier, but not always good) Possible Factors-CT structure of the lungs (fibrosis, emphysema) poor compliance -mobility of the thoracic cage -level of surfactant production |
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what is Patm?
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symbol used to represent atmospheric pressure
-designated as 760mm HG |
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Relationship of Patm to intrapulmonary pressure during inhalation
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expansion of pleural cavity and lungs during inhalation cause a volume increase which decreases pressure in the lungs to let air enter. the lower pressure inside (759mmhg) & higher pressure outside allows air to FLOW into the lungs
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Relationship of Patm in intrapulmonary pressure during Exhalation
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the relaxation of pleural cavity and lungs during exhalation cause a decrease in volume, which increase pressure within the lungs (761mm HG) to let air exist.
-higher pressure inside & lower pressure outside causes air to FLOW OUT |
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Resting tidal volume
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amount of air one can move in or out of lungs in single respiratory cycle (resting conditions)
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Respiratory minute volume
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amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute
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Anatomic dead volume
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amount of air that remains in lungs after forced exhalation
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Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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amount of air one can voluntary expel after completed normal respiratory cycle
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Residual Volume
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amount of air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation (1200mm-males, 1100mm females)
= minumal volume- amt air left in collapsed lungs (after death) |
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Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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amount of air one can take in over and above tidal volume
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Inspiratory capacity
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tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
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Functional residual capacity
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amount of air remaining in lungs after a quiet respiratory cycle
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Vital capacity
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maximum amount of air one can take into or out of lungs in a single respiratory cycle
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total lung capacity
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total volume of lungs= vital capacity and residual capacity (avg = 6000 ml males, 4200 ml females)
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describe pulmonary artery?
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The pulmonary artery which comes from the right ventricle
of the heart and brings deoxygenated blood (approx. 75% saturated hemoglobin). It follows the bronchial tree from the bronchi all the way to the alveoli. The terminal ends create the capillaries that surround the alveoli and form the blood-air barrier and participate in gas exchange. |
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describe Bronchial artery?
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The bronchial artery forms two branches off the aorta and as such brings
oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to both lungs. The branches from the bronchial artery do not necessarily follow the bronchial tree and they end in association with the bronchioles and do not extend to the alveoli. |
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What is the relationship between a concentration gradient and diffusion
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Particles diffuse down a concentration gradient. Particles in a
high concentration have a tendency to move into an area where there are fewer particles, i.e., particles diffuse from a high concentration into a low concentration. |
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gas proportion in 760mmhg of air
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78.6% = N2;
20.9% = O2; 0.04% = CO2 |
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equation for Daltons law?
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760 mm Hg = PN2 + PO2 + PH20 + PCO2
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What is Henry's law
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when gad under pressure comes in contact with liquid.
the gas then dissolves into the liquid until the equilibrium is reached AT A GIVEN TEMP- THE AMT OF A GAS IN SOLUTION IS PROPORTIONAL TO PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THAT GAS |
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why does o2 leave the alveolar air space and enter plasma in pulmonary capillary
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because the concentration gradient will cause oxygen to enter the blood and co2 to leave
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for a gas exchange to occur what needs to be present
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1. a diff in partial pressure of a gas across the respiratory membrane
2. the distance to travel needs to be short( blood barrier=thin) 3. gases must be soluble in an aqueous medium 4. the total surface area for exchange must be large 5. the flow of blood and flow of air must be working together so the flow of blood is constantly changed to optimize the differences in partial pressure |
