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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sternocleidomastoid- What type of muscle is? Used for What?
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Accessory Muscle
Used for inhalation |
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Pectoralis Major - What type of muscle is? Used for What? Located Where?
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Accessory Muscle
Used for inhalation Located in the anterior chest wall |
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External intercostals- What type of muscle is? Located Where?
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Used for inhalation
Located in the anterior chest wall |
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Describe the diaphragm and where is it located?
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Dome shaped muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities
Used for inhalation |
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Abdominals - What type of muscle and used for what?
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Accessory Muscle
Used for exhalation |
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Scalenes - What type of muscle? used for what? Located where?
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Accessory Muscle
Used for inhalation Located in the back |
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Serratus posterior- superior - What type of muscle? used for what?
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Accessory Muscle
Used for inhalation |
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Internal intercostals- what type of muscle? where located? Used for what?
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Accessory Muscle
Used during exhalation Located in the anterior chest wall |
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Pectoralis Minor -
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Accessory Muscle
Used for inhalation Located in the anterior chest wall |
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Name inhalation muscles
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Sterno
pectoralis major pectoralis minor external interscostals Serratus posterior superior Scalenes diaphragm |
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Name accessory Muscles
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Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis Major Scalenes Serratus Posterior Superior Internal intercostals Pectoralis Minor |
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Name muscles in anterior chest wall
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Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor Internal intercostals |
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How are muscles impaired for Guillian barre syndrome?
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Vent is required as no muscles will be working
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How are muscles impaired for spinal cord injury at C5-C6
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no interference to diaphragm. accessory muscles may be impaired but not required for normal breathing
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How are muscles impaired for severe empysema?
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accessory muscles used: scalenes and sternocleidomastoid for inhalation and inter innercostals and abs for exhalation
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How are muscles impaired for severe ascites?
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ascites causes pressure on the diaphragm so:
inhalation - accessory muscles are used exhalation- passive so no muscles needed |
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Describe the functions of the thoracic cage
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1-protection
2-support and attachement 3-movement. |
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What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
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It contracts causing the diaphragm to flatten and push downward on the abdomen which increases the thorax in vertical size and the abdomen moves outward
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What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?
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The diaphragm relaxes returning to itsnormal dome shape
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What happens during exhalation to the thoracic cage?
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decrease in thoracic vertical size, decrease in thoracic transverse diameter, and a decrease in thoracic AP diameter
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What happens to the thoracic cage when the diaphragm contracts?
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Increase in thoracic vertical size, increase in thoracic transverse diameter, increase in thoracic AP diameter
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What happens to the thoracic cage when the external intercostals contract?
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Increase in thoracic transverse diameter and an increase in thoracic AP diameter
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How does the thoracic cage move?
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AP diameter: front to back and transverse is side to side
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How does the movement of the thoracic cage change thoracic size?
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Pump handle increases AP size and bucket handle increases transverse size
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List the major deformities that affect ventilation
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Kyphosis, scoliosis, kyphoscoliosis, Pectus Carinatum and pectus Excavatum
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What are the primary muscles of ventilation
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diaphragm
external intercostals interal intercostals |
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What are the accessory muscles of ventilation
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sternocleidomastoid
scalenes serratus posterior superior pectoralis minor pectoralis major Abdominals: external oblique, interal oblique, transverse abdominous and rectus abdominous |
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Which muscles are used for normal breathing and their function to change thoracic volume
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diahragm and external intercostals. When diaphragm contracts it flattens and pulls upward on the anterior rib ends which increases vertical volume in both diameters. The external intercostals contract to elevate the ribs causing an increase in both diameters. During exhalation both muscles relax causing the tissue to recoil and to decrease thoracic volume and air is expelled.
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Which muscles are used for deep or forced breathing? How do they change thoracic volume?
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accessory muscles used.
Sternocleidomastoid: during inhalation, the AP diameter increased. Scalenes: duing exhalation they stabilize the lungs by contracting. Serratus: both diameters increased by raising ribs during deep inhalation. On pecs, major and minor, they pull ribs and sternum upward during a forced inhalation |
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State the origin, insertion and innvervating nerve of the diaphragm
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phrenic nerve which arises from the spine at C3, C4, C5
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what is ascites
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fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity, causes use of accessory muscles to breathe.
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Describe the 2 pleurae of the lung and the pleural cavity
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The parietal pleura is the outside membrane. the visceral pleura is the inner memrane.
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Define the hilum and the hilar structures
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The hilum is an area on the medial or inner surface of each lung refered to as the root of the lung. The vessels of the hilum are mainstem bronchi, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, bronchial arteries and veins and nerves
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Describe the mediastinum and structures within it.
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know where esophagus, trachea, heart, aorta, phrenic nerve and diaphragm is located. See 1.42
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describe the similiarities and differences of the right and left lungs
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Right lung has three lobes: upper, middle and lower with a transverse and oblique fissure. Left lung has two lobes, upper and lower with one oblique fissure
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locate the lobes ad segments of each lung
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see 1.47-1.50
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define: pneumothorax, hemothorax and hemopneumothrax
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pneumo: air in the pleural cavity
hemo- blood in the pleural cavity hemopneumo- both |
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define pleural effusion
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fluid inthe pleural cavity
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define empyema
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pus in the pleural cavity
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Which lung is larger
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RIght lung is about 600 gms and the left lung is about 500 gms
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On the right lung what is the difference between the medial segment and the lateral segment?
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The medial is the inner and the lateral is the outer portion of the middle right lobe.
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What type of cells line the upper airway?
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squamous: flat cells except for the posterior 2/3 of the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx and that is ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelium also found in the tracheobronchial tree. This tissue contains mucous glands and goblet cells. Cilia beat to move mucus along with other material towards the laryngopharynx where it can be swallowed.
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Name the first four generations of the airways
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(trachea)
1- mainstem bronchi 2-lobar bronchi 3-segmental bronchi 4-subsegmental bronchi |
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Describe the function of the tracheobronchial tree
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To conduct air to the respiratory airways where gas exchange occurs
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name the gas exchange airways
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respiratory bronchioles
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define the acinus
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alveolar ducts which contains flattened alveolar epithelium on a basement membrane. It is thin enough to allow diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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descrbie the cellular structures of the respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar epithelium
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Type 1 Pneumocyte- 95% alveolar wall
Type 2 Pneumocyte- larger and more cuboidal. manufacture surfactant. Macrophages: ingest foreign material |
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describe the branching of the pulmonary blood vessels
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heart to pulmonary artery to arteries to arterioles to capillary bed to venuoles to veins to pulmonary vein and back to the heart
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Describe the cellular structure of the alveolar capillary membrane
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flattened endothelial cells on a basement membrane. Very thin. 2-4 microns.
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What are the layers of the alveolar capillary membrane?
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O2-->
alveolar epithelium --> basement membrane --> interstitium --> basement membrane --> capillary epithelium --> CO2 --> capillary epithelium --> basement membrane --> interstitium --> basement membrane --> aleolar epithelium --> |
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Describe the cellular structure of the bronchioles
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becomes thinner, changing to cuboidal shaped cells in the termila bronchioles. Ciliated epithelial cells are gradually replaced by nonciliated epithelial cells and clara cells
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Describe the cellular structure of the bronchi
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue, goblet cells and basal cells. Same as trachea
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What are the changes from the large bronchi to the small bronchi?
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cartilage changes from c shaped rings to plates in the medium bronchi, then to thin rods in the small bronchi. Muscle changes from horizontal bundles to a layer of cris crossing fibers in the small bronchi. This muscle layer is located between the submucosa and cartilagenous layers
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Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found where
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trachea
bronchi |
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cartiledge is found where
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trachea
bronchi |
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goblet cells are found where
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trachea
bronchi terminal bronchioles |
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cilia is found where
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trachea
bronchi |
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what are the cell layers that CO2 must diffuse through in order when leaving the pulmonary capillary
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capillary endothelium
basement membrane interstitium basement membrane alveolar epithelium |
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The branching of the pulmoary artery occurs where
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along the airway branches
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What is the lowest airway in which bronchial glands are found?
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bronchi
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The bronchial circulation provides blood supply to what area
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trachea
bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles |
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The primary innervation of the tracheobronchial tree is
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The vagus nerve
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The thin watery layer of the mucus blanket is called the ???? and lies below/above the ???
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sol lies below the gel
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What is the role of alveolar macrohages
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ingest foreign materials by phagocytosis
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what is the first four generations of airways?
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mainstem bronchi
lobar bronchi segmental bronchi subsegmental bronchi |
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what is the acinus
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gas exchange unit containing alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs
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what is pores of kohn
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holes or communications in the alveolar septa
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what is mucociliary escalator
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a mechanism for clearing foreign particles from the tracheobronchial tree. It consists of a mucus layer made of both sol and gel whcih traps particles and debris. The beating action of the cilia cause this mucus blanket to flow upward to the pharynx were mucus is swallowed or expectorated
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What happends chemically during contraction of the heart
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depolarization - positive charge inside the cell and negative charge outside of the cell. It is the opposite for repolarization or when the cell is at rest
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what is the pacemaker of the heart
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sino atrial node
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Name the components of the electrical system of the heart from first stimulated to last stimulated
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SIABRP
susie is a bitchy rich person sino atrial node Internodal pathways AV node Bundle of His Right and left bundle branches purkinje fibers |
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what part of the ECG wave is the depolarization of the ventricles
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QRS complex
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what does the t wave represent
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repolarization
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what does p wave represent
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The SA node is stimulated and the atria contract
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What is QRS complex
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stimulation of the bundle of his, bundle branches and perkinje fibers
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when does ventricular contraction occur
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at the end of the qrs complex to the beginning of the t wave
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what does not show on the ECG
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atrial repolarization as it is buried in the qrs complex
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Name the chambers, vessels and valves of the heart following circulation
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Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava Right Atria tricuspid valve Right ventricle pulmonic valve pulmonary artery pulmonary circulation pulmonary veins left atria bicuspid or mitral valve left ventricle aortic valve aorta systemic circulation |
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Describe P-R
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SA node
internodal pathways AV node (Atrial contraction) |
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Describe QRS
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Bundle of His
Bundle Branches Purkinje fibers Ventricular contraction |
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Describe S-T
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repolarization of ventricles
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What is IRV
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal volume inhalation |
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What is ERV
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Expiratory Reserve Volume
The amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal volume exhalation |
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What is RV
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The amount of air in the lung after a maximum exhalation
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What is IC
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Inspiratory Capacity
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal exhalation IC = VT + IRV |
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What is VC
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Vital Capicity
The amount of air that can be maximally exhaled after a maximum inhalation |
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What is the formula for Vital Capacity
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VC= ERV + VT + IRV
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What is FRC
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The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal tidal exhalation (functional reserve capacity)
FRC = ERV + RV |
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What is TLC
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Total Lung Capacity
The total amount of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation TLC = RV + ERV + VT + IRV |
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What is the difference between capacities and volumes
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capacities are the sums of volumes
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Which can be measured directly?
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VT
IRV ERV VC IC |
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Which can not be measured directly?
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FRC
TLC RV |
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how to find an emergency tidal volume?
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4-5 ml per lb of body weight
8-10 ml per kg of body weight |
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what is the formula for cacluating alveolar deadspace?
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Va = Vt - Vd
alveolar ventilation = tidal volume minus deadspace volume |
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How do you anatomical (in the airways) calculate deadspace
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based on each individual's ideal body weight as 1 ml per pound
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what is physiological deadspace
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the total amount of deadspace of alveolar plus anatomic deadspace
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how do you calculate minute alveolar volume
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Va=Vt-Vds x f
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