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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which muscles are not paralysed during REM |
Eye muscles Diaphragm |
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which kind of respiratory control is used during sleep |
only reflex/ autonomic (no cortical control) |
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what controls the voluntary breathing: |
Voluntary breathing (when awake) comes from the motor homunculus (located in the brain between motor areas for the shoulder and the trunk). |
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what is the Pre-Botzinger Complex |
The cluster of respiratory nuclei. Neurones reciprocally inhibit each other (when one fires, the other stops) which allows breathing. |
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breathing awake vs asleep |
10% reduction (6.28 to 5.44 l/min) lower tidal volume (500 ml vs 350) lower O2 sat lower frequency |
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O2 changes during sleep |
O2 sat decrease but not too much because the oxygen dissociation curve is sigmoid |
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CO2 changes during sleep |
CO2 levels rise (Hypercapnia) o CO2 level required to trigger breathing is lower when awake than when we are asleep (0.5 kPa) Reduced sensitivity of chemoreceptors to CO2 during sleep |
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what is hypercapnia and hypocapnia |
increased/ reduced CO2 blood levels |
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what is the apnoeic threshold |
the threshold overwhich CO2 level has to be in order to allow us to breathe |
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what is central sleep apnea? |
the CO2 levels do not raise above the apnoeic threshold and so breathing stops faulty CO2 chemoreceptors |
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what is obstructive sleep apnoea |
occlusion of the phalangeal airway during sleep the person try to breathe but cannot |
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heart failure and sleep apnoea |
heart failure is associated with central sleep apnoea because patients hyperventilate so have a low PaCO2 |
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effects of the motor cortex on cough |
inhibitory. |
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efferent pathways for cough |
motor cortex: inhibitory cough centre in the medulla: stimulatory |
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problems of heart failure and lungs |
can cause pulmonary eodema |
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problems of pulmonary oedema |
activation of J receptors increase ventilation low CO2 when they go to sleep theu do not breathe (do to imbalance on the chemical components) stain stoke respiration |
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what is chain and stokes respiration |
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which drugs make asthma worse |
beta blockers non-steroid anti-inflammatory (eg ibuprofen) |
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asthma symptoms |
wheezing cought .. .. |
