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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the vestibule consists of what type of epithelial tissue (be specific)
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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what kind of epithelium is located in the roof of the nasal cavity and on sides of the nasal septum?
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olfactory epithelium
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what is respiratory epithelium?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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why is the ring of the of cartilage on the trachea not complete?
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so when you swallow food (in the esophagus) it doesn't push on the tracheal cartilage and crack it
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how many lobes are on the right side of the lung
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3 (think 3 heart valves on the right, 2 on the left)
2 on the left |
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what is the importance of the individual lobes within the right or left lung?
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each get a single tertiatry bronchi and their own blood supply
so if someone gets pneumonia, you can just remove one segment! |
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at what division of the lung do you lose cartilage?
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bronchioles...only have smooth muscle
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What are Clara cells? where are they
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secrete GAGs and Na into lumen, which allows more wate to enter the lumen, and keep the secretions of the lung moist and mobile....
found in bronchioles |
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what happens in cystic fibrosis
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Clara cells don't work....
Caused by a defective Na+ pump. Mucous in the lumen of the respiratory tract becomes very thick due to the lack of H20. |
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what type of cell lines the majority of alveoli?
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type 1 pneumocyte... does gas exchange!
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what type of cell is responsible for gas exchange
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Type 1 Pneumocytes
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what do type 2 pneumocytes do?
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keep surfactant lining the area
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describe the cell shapes of the 2 pneumocytes
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Type one: flat for gas exhanche
type 2: big and bumpy, to produce surfactant |
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at what passage way in the respiratory tract do you start to see respiratory epithelium?
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nasal cavity
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when do you start to see goblet cells in the resp tract?
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nasal cavity
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when do you stop seeing respiratory epithellium in the resp tract?
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Terminal bronchioles
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when do you stop seeing goblet cells in the resp tract?
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large bronchioles
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when do you start seeing clara cells in the resp tract?
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large bronchioles
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when do you stop seeing clara cells in the resp tract?
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respiratory broncioles
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when do you stop seeing smooth muscle in the resp tract?
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alveoli (so alveolar ducts is last place)
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when do you start seeing type 1 and 2 pneuomocytes in the resp tract?
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respiratory bronchioles
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what type of cartilage is found in the larynx, trachea, and primary-3 bronchi respiratory
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Larynx: thyroid, cricoid, aretynoid
Trachea: cartilage rings 1-3 bronchi: cartilage plates |
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what is the major problem in emphysema....how does this happen?
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scarring and ballooning of the alveoli occurs, preventing gas exchange
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with what physical change do you see emphysema?
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barrel chest
bones change to help taking in big breaths |
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what are the muscles usually involved during inspiration (5)
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Diaphragm
External intercostals Internal intercostals (parasternal portion) Scalene muscles Levator costarum (minor role) |
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what muscles are usually involved in expiration?
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NONE
it is normally the elasticity of the lungs and relaxation of inspiriatory muscles |
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what are the muscles that are used during forced expiration (6)
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Internal intercostals (lateral portion)
Innermost intercostals Subcostal muscles Abdominal obliques Rectus Abdominis Transversus thoracis |
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what muscles can get abnormally large when a pt has forced respiration due to conditions like COPD or Emphysema?
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Scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior) --> elevate 1st & 2nd ribs
Pectoralis minor and major -> Can elevate anterior ribcage if arms are abducted and scapula is fixed. Serratus anterior -> Can elevate lateral ribcage if scapula is fixed. Trapezius, Levator scapulae, Rhomboids -> Stabilize (fix) the scapula so that other muscles can then work on the ribcage. |
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what supplies blood to the respiratory tissues? (maintaining each segment)
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bronchial arteries
(blood from the right ventricle does not supply the respiratory tissues themselves) |
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outline lymphatic drainage of thoracic viscera
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what are the sympathetic innervations of the lung? (levels)
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T2-T7
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viscera on the lungs is what?
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plueral viscera
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viscera not on the lung is what?
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parietal pleura
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please list the rib borders of the inferior portion of the lung....
also list the rib boarders for the line of pleural reflection what is this good for? |
Inferior border of lungs
Anterior = 6th costal cartilage Lateral = 8th rib Posterior = 10th rib Line of pleural reflection Anterior = 8th costal cartilage Lateral = 10th rib Posterior = 12th rib use this info to know where to do a thoracocentisis so you don't puncture the lungs |
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please list the safest places for thoracocentisis (ant, lat, and post)
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Anterior = 6th – 8th costal cartilage
Lateral = 8th – 10th rib Posterior = 10th – 12th rib |
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what embryological structure do the lungs bud off of? is it endo/ecto/meso derm?
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gut tube
covered by endoderm |
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which pleura is capable of feeling pain?
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parietal pluera can feel pain from pareital nerves (sharp pain)
plueral doesn't really feel pain |
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Starting with the Nares and ending with the Alveoli, please list the order of the airways
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Nares
Vestibule Nasal Cavity Nasopharynx Oropharynx Larynx Trachea 1-3 Bronchi Large Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar Ducts Alveoli |
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list the order of the resp tract noting important changes in epithellium and cell types
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