Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The origin of the respiratory diverticulum is from the ____ portion of the primitive _____. Also caudal to what # pair of pharyngeal pouches?
|
caudal
pharynx fourth |
|
What layer of the GI tract develops into the following respiratory structures....
Epithelium and glands of larynx Trachea bronchi pulmonary epithelium |
endoderm (turns to respiratory diverticulum)
|
|
What splanchnic layer develops into the following...
Connective tissue cartilage smooth muscle |
mesoderm
|
|
Laryngeal cartilage is an exception to the rule and is developed from what?
Where does the rest of the cartilage in the respiratory tract come from? |
Neural crest mesenchyme
Splanchnic mesoderm |
|
Cranial part of foregut divided by _________ folds and septum into a _________ tube and dorsal portion
|
tracheoesophageal
laryngotracheal (becomes larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs) |
|
Dorsal portion of the tracheoesophageal folds eventually forms the oropharynx and waht?
|
esophagus
|
|
Which of the following components of the respiratory system do NOT develop from the endoderm of the respiratory diverticulum?
Alveolar type I pneumocytes Ciliated cuboidal epithelium of the bronchioles Clara cells Pseudostratified column ciliated epithelium Seromucous glands of the trachea |
Alveolar macrophages
|
|
The mesenchyme surrounding the lung buds determines the pattern of their growth and gives rise to the:
alveolar macrophages. epithelial lining of the alveolar sac. pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium. smooth muscle. type II pneumocytes |
Smooth muscle (from splanchnic mesenchyme)
|
|
Epithelial lining of the larynx is derived from the _____ foregut epithelium
|
endodermal
|
|
Laryngeal cartilage develops from the mesenchyme of the ___ and ____ pharyngeal arches.
That mesenchyme is derived from _____ ____cells |
fouth and sixth
neural crest |
|
Laryngeal muscles:
Develop from myoblasts of which pharyngeal arches? Innervated by what nerve? |
fourth and sixth
vagus nerve - superior laryngeal (sensory) and recurrent laryngeal nerves (innervation) |
|
Which of the following structures is derived from neural crest ectoderm?
Laryngeal epithelium Laryngeal cartilage Smooth muscle of the esophagus Stratified squamous mucosal epithelium of the esophagus Tracheal cartilages |
Laryngeal cartilage
|
|
The ________ septum is responsible for division of the foregut leading to serparate development of the trachea and esophagus
|
tracheoesophageal fold/septum
|
|
Epithelium and glands of the trachea (mucous secreting cells) and the entire respiratory system are of _______ origin, while ________ mesoderm surrounds the endodermal lining, giving rise to the supporting cartilage, smooth muscle and connective tissue.
|
endodermal
splanchnic |
|
Malformation of the tracheoespohageal folds and septum are responsible for formation of _____.
Note: this condition is usually associated with esophageal ____ |
fistula
atresia (blind pouch) |
|
Results of tracheoesophageal fistula:
Gastric contents entering the ____ creating what? Amniotic fluid accumulating because it can't get to stomach for absorption to placenta and mom's blood. What is this condition called? |
lungs - pneumonia or pneumonitis
Polyhydramnios |
|
Which of the following structures is derived from splanchnic mesoderm?
Laryngeal epithelium Hyaline cartilage of the larynx Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium of the trachea Sero-mucus glands of the trachea Vascular tissue of the tracheal adventitia |
Vascular tissue of the tracheal adventitia
|
|
What developing structure serves to separate the trachea from the esophagus?
Aorticopulmonary septum Interatrial septum Pleuroperitoneal canals Tracheoesophageal septum Transverse septum |
Tracheoesophageal septum
|
|
The entire respiratory system (lungs) develop from the respiratory ______
|
diverticulum
|
|
The bronchial buds grow out into the __________ canals, a portion of the intraembryonic coelom.
The epithelial lining is covered with ______ mesoderm, which gives rise to the visceral pleura and the connective tissue, smooth muscle and cartilage associated with the lung tissue. |
pericardioperitoneal
splanchnic |
|
Cartilaginous plates, bronchial smooth muscle and connective tissue, and the pulmonary connective tissue and capillaries are derived from the ______ _______
|
splanchnic mesoderm
|
|
Parietal pleura derived from _____ mesoderm
Visceral pleura derived from _____ mesoderm |
splanchnic
somatic |
|
A ____ lobe may develop in the right lung growing medial to the ____ vein rather than lateral
|
azygos
azygos |
|
Lung hypoplasia is usually associated with congenital ______ _____.
Another classic cause is a condition with insufficient amniotic fluid - what's it called? |
diaphragmatic hernia
Oligohydramnios |
|
What 2 organ problems will you see with Oligohydramnios?
What's the name of the syndrome that includes both? |
Lung hypoplasia
Bilateral renal agenesis Potter's syndrome |
|
What gives rise to the cartilaginous tissue that comprises the walls of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles?
Epidermal progenitor cells Neural crest mesenchyme Somatic mesoderm Splanchnic mesoderm Surface ectoderm |
Splanchnic mesoderm
|
|
Into what part of the intraembryonic coelom does the developing lung bud grow ?
Pericardial cavity Pericardioperitoneal canal Peritoneum Pleuropericardial membrane Pleuroperitoneal membrane Transverse septum |
Pericardioperitoneal canal
|
|
Do terminal bronchioles have alveoli?
Respiratory bronchioles? |
No
Yes - in the wall |
|
WHICH STAGE OF LUNG MATURATION?
Ductal elements (bronchi and terminal bronchioles) No alveoli present and fetuses born here can't survive |
PSEUDOGLANDULAR PERIOD (6-16 WEEKS)
1ST |
|
WHICH STAGE OF LUNG MATURATION?
Repiratory passageways develop from cranial to caudal Vascularization of developing respiratory elements occurs Respiration is possible |
CANILCULAR PERIOD (16-26 WEEKS)
2ND |
|
WHICH STAGE OF LUNG MATURATION?
Type I alveolar cells or pneumocytes Capillary and lympahtic vessels are forming Type II alveolar cells lining alveoli begin to secrete surfactant. |
TERMINAL SACCULAR PERIOD (26 WEEKS TO BIRTH)
3RD |
|
Type I alveolar cells or pneumocytes develop from the squamous epithelium of which layer?
|
Endoderm
|
|
Surfactant secrtion increases towards end of pregnancy. What cells produce it?
It serves to lower ____ ____ at the air-alveolar interface |
Type II alveolar/pneumocytes
surface tension |
|
Infant survival is dependent on functional _____ that contain sufficient ______
|
alveoli
surfactant |
|
STAGES OF LUNG MATURATION:
Maturation of alveoli Alveolocapillary membrane is sufficiently thin to allow gas exchange |
ALVEOLAR PERIOD (32 WEEKS - 8 YEARS)
4th (LAST) STAGE |
|
Fetal _____ ______ occur prior to birth and are essential for normal lung development
|
lung movements (FBM)
|
|
Alveoli increase from ____ million at birth to ____ million by age 8
|
150
300 Doubles |
|
Hyaline membrane disease or RDS is caused by a deficiency of ______ and injury to the alveolar wall resulting in protein and fibrin rich exudate forming _____ membranes
|
surfactant
hyaline |
|
________ stimulates lung development and production of surfactant
________ administration during pregnancy accelerates fetal lung development |
Thyroxine
Glucocorticoids |
|
Newborn lungs: sink or float?
Stillborn lungs: sink or float? |
Float - contain air
Sink - firm, contain fluid not air |
|
What cells are responsible for production of pulmonary surfactant?
Alveolar macrophages (phagocytes) Ciliated columnar epithelium Interstitial connective tissue cells Mucus secretory cells Polymorphonuclear leucocytes Type I pneumocytes Type II pneumocytes |
Type II pneumocytes
|
|
At what week in human fetal development does pulmonary surfactant formation begin to occur?
8 weeks 14 weeks 20 weeks 32 weeks 38 weeks |
20 weeks
|
|
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the fluid component of the lungs at birth?
Amniotic fluid Blood vessels and lymphatics of the lung Maternal blood Seromucous glands Tracheal glands |
Maternal blood
|
|
Which of the following stimulates the production of surfactant during intrauterine life?
Calcitonin Cholesterol Glucocorticoids Growth hormone Vitamin D |
Glucocorticoids
|
|
A 26-year-old pregnant female visits her physician for her 7-month physical. Measurement of fundal height indicated that little or no change had occurred since her last visit. Ultrasonography indicated oligohydramnios. With this condition, which of the abnormalities may be present in the infant at birth?
|
Lung hypoplasia
|
|
A newborn infant develops gagging and cyanosis after every feeding. The infant has excessive accumulation of saliva in his mouth. Attempts to pass a catheter into the stomach are unsuccessful. X-rays show a large amount of air in the stomach. What is the probable diagnosis?
|
Tracheoesophageal fistula
|