Resource Planning And Management:216 (2Nd Year)

Front 1

L3: Values, perspective, and debates on environment:

Back 1

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Front 2

What are the 4 crystal ball scenarios?

Back 2

1) Global and reactive: occurring now =33%
2) Regional and reactive= inwardlooking , no change in approach to enviro =25%
3) Regional and proactive=adapting and focus local and use local to address global concerns=10%
4) Global and proactive= Homogenize society, rely techno solutions, gloabla agreements =33%

Front 3

What is problem with current action being undertaken?

Back 3

- Required changes not underway to decrease negative consequences-grow pressure on ecosystem. Need be more proactiveL regardless trade interests=change in views required.

Front 4

What is a paradigm/worldview?

Back 4

Way interepret data/views -sustaianbility
PARADIGM: Set practices -define sceince at time (influenced by culture,people). Always chaging as Thomas Kuhn -revolution showed in 1962.

eg: Paradigms shift rapidly: Horse to car (doubt)

Front 5

What are things that influence paradigms?

Back 5

Norms, beleifs, values, habits. (proper view-familiar/oblivious to)

Front 6

Describe the characteristics that make up the reactive approach to enviro issues?

Back 6

-Faith:progress
-Eco growth leads resources help enviro (>carry capacity)
- Tech: improve enviro
-Few changes: 'green things'
-Change in supply end dominates.

Front 7

Describe the characteristics that make up the proactive approach to enviro issues?

Back 7

-Precautionary
-Quality devt not eco growth
-Finite limits -growth
-Demand approach
-Finite supply=encoruage rethink needs (how use/interact with enviro)
-Enviro policies: focused consumption

eg: Urban planning/design, consumption change.

Front 8

What are the beneifts/ problems associated with having faith in progress?

Back 8

Benefits: Change in habits is positive
Barrier: Change in habits more likely mean greedier for future.

eg: Evolution (thinking)
-Tech
Tech not as positive devt -progress.

Front 9

What is an example of negative progress?

Back 9

Cod Fishery collapse in North Atlantic:

-New tech/demand (increase km, depth, capacity)
- Tragedy of commons ( no incentive decrease load-didnt own fish)
-Unemployment: 35k out jobs etc.

Front 10

Describe the proactive view by expalining precautionary approach (main principle) in more detail and explain how RMA and Toronto are differing views on this concept?

Back 10

-Is precautionary approach- ability use resources drive techno change: minimise enviro damage.
-Must prove no harm and risk to enviro
-Sustaianble limits (change in methods-apporach etc must be safe /no harm)

RMA: -Want to amend this so it has more freedom to allow eco growth (agaiant proactive view)
-However much outcry: address enviro issues now-invest for future.

Toronto: Decrease CO2 levels below 1990 - retrofit industry (170K tons Co2 decrease, save building owners $19m).

Front 11

What are some positive examples of the proactive approach or view being used in practice?

Back 11

Tecnology: Methane tapper on cow, sequestration: carbon pumped to increase oil out via drilling.


Social innovation: People contribute help improve enviro=

eg: Vancouver ( False Creek South): Population 6000=
Intentional community, share resources, collective spaces, limit car access, different incomes.


eg: SF Embarcedero Freeway: damaged 1989 e/q, instead repair they remodelled city for trams etc-more enviro friendly with change peoples view.

Front 12

What does the reactive (supply side) view entail?

Back 12

-Present day approach moreso
-Production of resource (enviro policies focus/focus resource)
-THink others clean up act, not US (me)

eg: H20 quality guidelines/ emission concentration monitoring.

Front 13

What are the 2 differing views concerning the RMA?

Back 13

a) RMA too much emphasis on enviro and doesnt allow eco growth/social activities: Ministry of Enviro.

b) RMA function-provide enviro: balance eco imperatives of market- tilt act promote eco growth. Focus should stay enviro though: Enviro Commissioner.

Front 14

L4: Environmental Management and global scale:

Back 14

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Front 15

What is the best method for changing the enviro in positive way in log term?

Back 15

- reactive to proactive (technology, eco growth, supply side)
-Local action come first.

Front 16

How are we addressing environmental issues?

Back 16

1970's: Enviro focus within govts
Brundtland 1987: Sustaianble devt, think future
Montreal Protocol: Positive example of agreement going well: decreased.

Front 17

What are facts about the Rio Earth Summit, 1992 (Agenda 21)?

Back 17

-Voluntary agreement (108 heads state)
-Blueprint for future (broad cross section for success)
- Led convention C.C./biodiversity safety.

Front 18

What were the 6 main parts of the Rio declaration?

Back 18

a) human rights centre sustainable devt
b) Sceince uncertainty=no excuse not to change for +
c) States explot own/not others resources
d) Decrease poverty/decrease gap
e) Full participation- women=essential achieve sustainability
f) Developed countries acknowledge negative input.

Front 19

What is the challenge of global commons?

Back 19

-Resources/ enviros international domain (oceans)
-Common property:
a) Exclusion hard/$$
b) resources decrease
c) Free rider potential ( use without paying for / receive consequences)

eg: hardins (1968) Tragedy of Commons: all use communal, run out and all worse off as scared of greedyness of others.

Front 20

What are the 2 options as decided at World Summit of Sustainability Devt (Joburg,2002) for humanity =choices?

Back 20

1) Despair : uncertain future, conflivt resources

2) Hope: Future better for people/enviro

eg: N.Z. no State of Enviro report (last was 2007)-stopped as made look bad.

Front 21

What were outcomes of WSSD?

Back 21

a) recommit to Rio Earth Summit outcomes
b) Voluntary partnership focus (not nation states)
c) New targets: x2 access sanitation (2015), eliminate harmful chems (2020), maintain/restore fish (2015), decrease bio loss (2010).

Front 22

What did Rio +20 achieve in 2012?

Back 22

-Developed countries mainly: except those in financial crisis.
-Green economy

Front 23

What was context in world for Rio +20 talks?

Back 23

2008: Global recession
2007-09: Global food crisis
Disasters: Hurricane KAtrina
Focus hence: Jobs, energy, food, H20, cities, oceans, natural disasters.

Front 24

What was value of global agreements?

Back 24

-Intention vs actions
-Shift infuence: civil society to corperations
-Shift approach: Global solidarity t voluntary partnerships (Trans-Pacific Trade Partnership-increase trade)

Front 25

Why was Montreal Protocol (1987) so successful?

Back 25

-Clear , binding laws (decreased developed country release)
-Target relevant parties
-Had alternative product-no change lifestyle-people (C.C. oppostion)

Front 26

What scientific research was done to try and confirm Climate Change?

Back 26

1824: Fourier: Theory change atmosphere is change earths climate
1957: 1st measure ozone:ALARM BELLS
1988: Global politics : C.C. huge consequences
1988-2008:Over 1k papers written on it.

Front 27

What did the Stern report cover in 2006?

Back 27

Economics of climate change and trying to reverse it-eco implications.
-Positive change enviro=positive for GDP.
-Less CO2, so less damage costs
-Less Carbon=$2.5T added to economy
-Problem-costs now, benefit later.

Front 28

What was the Kyoto Protocol?

Back 28

-Bind commitments to decrease CO2
-Rich countries main focus-voluntary joining of developing
N.Z.: 2008-2012: CO2 34% > 1990 levels. N.Z. not committing anymore.

Front 29

What are some good news corporations?

Back 29

ICLEI (Local govts sustaianbility): -Local Agenda 21, >6000 local govts

C40 cities climate leadership group:
-8% global population
->8000 decrease emissions initiatiive
-Commitment range (30% below 1990-Toronto-100% by 2050)

Front 30

What is significance in cities for sustianbility in future?

Back 30

Cities taking action, desptie lack national action-engaged globally
-Sustianbility position: improve quality life, not sacrifice
-Cities decrease footprint-global decrease.

Front 31

L2: State of the Environment:

Back 31

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Front 32

Give a few examples of enviro issues?

Back 32

-CLimate change
-Oil spills
-Biodiversity.

Front 33

What is an exampe of a complex/ uncertain enviro issue studied by sean?

Back 33

Sea Turtle Conservation in Suriname:

Facts:
-Leather back turtle (largest world=2m)
-lobal migration
-Population comes back to home beach after 25 yrs (maturity) after cruising oceans to lay eggs.
-Suriname is low access area (only by boat)

Problems:
-People (locals) harvest the eggs and sell them for extra $ as quite poor.
-Endangering population

Alternative: Co-management: Galibi Nature Reserve: People and govt protect turtles, and even undertake eco tourism to allow $.

THE ISSUE ITSELF: Complex as considered differently elsewhere:

Suriname people: economic loss as less egg harvesting/food.
People in Miami: See it as enviro issue-need to leave the eggs alone as killing off scarce population.

Front 34

Give another example of how an enviro issue can be perceived from different angles?

Back 34

OIL EXPLORATION:
- N.Z.: Taranaki and Otago.

Opposition: Scared of oil spills, irresponsible to harvest scarce remaining oil.

For: Jobs for economy, enviro doesnt come into it.

Front 35

What is the problem with the state of environment at present? What does this mean for the future if no change occurs, and how can we change it for the positive?

Back 35

-Present is glum future (Millenium Ecosystem Assessment):
a) Change in structure and natural processes within ecosystems.
b) Loss biodiversity
c) Decreased ability planet provide ecosystem services long term

No change:
a) 25% increased loss biodiversity (next 100 yrs)
b) Global pop increase (9B 1/2 through century).

Problems for fixing it?
a) Inequality: Income top 20% world (increasing over time)
-Cultivated =25% land area.


Ability to change:?
-Attitudes and actions must change to allow positive future (enviro manage -needs good system).

Front 36

What is the MEA 2005? What have the problems been with human impact enviro? Give some examples of where changing laws have had no or little positive impacts on resoruce use?

Back 36

MEA=Laws to protect environment
-Debated whether these help protect the environment.

Problems:
a) Humans changed ecosystems to meet increased hman needs (recent decades)
b) Quality of life improved at expense ecosystem services (pure H20)
c) Attitudes /action change needed to decrease ecosystem pressure-little at present.

examples of law:

Law: H20 diversions (dams in 1970s when awareness of enviro increasing): no evidence decreased use of dams: 3-6 times increase instead.

Cropland: Decreased areas with crops developed world: pressure on developing to have more homogenous, large amounts same crop.

Forest: North America: more land under forests-pressure developing

Nutrient levels: 1990's caused eco recession: since then more dairying as govt needs money=more nutrients.

Front 37

How has the natural hazard regulation caused more extreme events?

Back 37

Increase extreme events b/c:

- Capacity of ecosystems to buffer decreased with loss wetlands, forests etc.
-People move to exposed areas
-Change in atmosphere : increased CO2 (Kyoto Protcol-1990 levels did little), now >400ppm.

Front 38

What are the implications climate warming for arctic??

Back 38

-Sea ice melting :5% chance near future no sea ice at all for polar bears)
- Polar ice melting escalates over time.

Front 39

How does looking after environment benefit society?

Back 39

-Economically: Land is worth more if we look after it (ie: farmer converts land-profit for self, wetaland left good for everyone).

Jobs vs environement: Otago drill- take jobs away from tourism etc if big spill-penguins die: job won, job lost.

Front 40

What are insurance companies doing that is benefiting the environment?

Back 40

-Think about Climate change: no insurance without thinking about future (make harder to get economic incentive after damage enviro)
Carbon bubble: oil investment risky (dont invest-telling people)

Front 41

What are the 4 different scenario outcomes for future as listed in the Millenium ecosystem assessment scenarios?

Back 41

1) Global and reactive (economy): Increased globalisation, free movement (status quo)

Result: Increased provisioning devleoping world (quality of life increased) , cost to enviro increased. Loss cultural heterogeneity.

2) Regional and reactive: Inward looking, no change apporach to enviro issues.

Result: No benefits trade with enviro consequences- MOST NEGATIVE SCENARIO.

3) Global and proactive: Homogenize society (change in enviro regulations), rely technological solutions

Result: Increased ability to rely on environment.

4) Regional and proactive: Focus local use and local economy: to address global issues.

Result: Take enviro seriously (decreased reliance on trade). Better for developed countries, culture preserved.

OVERALL: Need more proactive approach , trade is key point. Negative at present (little proactive) , but can change for positive. Need change in actions and views.

Need look at issues in holistic manner (enviro, economic, and social sides).