Research Methods Vocab (Chapter 9/10)

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Repeated measures (within-subject) design

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A research design in which the same individuals provide data in more than one group, essentially serving as their own control group.

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Between-groups design

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A research design in which a single individual does not provide data for more than one condition or group.

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Natural pairs

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A pairing of individuals, like twins, who are similar to one another in some way and are useful for comparison after being exposed to different levels of an independent variable.

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Sequence Effects

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The result of multiple or repeated measurements of individuals in different experimental conditions such that they behave differently on later measurements as a result of having undergone the earlier measurements.

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Order effects

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The result of multiple or repeated measurements of individuals in different experimental conditions such that a particular behavior changes depending on which condition it follows.

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Transfer

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A change in behavior in a repeated measures design that results from learning that takes place in an earlier condition.

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Symmetric transfer

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A change in behavior in a repeated measures design that results from learning in an earlier condition, with the same degree of change in later behaviors, regardless of the order of conditions.

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Asymmetric transfer

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A change in behavior in a repeated measures design that results from learning in a n earlier condition, with differences in the amount of transfer in a later condition depending on which conditions occur first.

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Counterbalancing

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In a repeated measures design, the changing of the order of conditions across individuals to avoid contamination of data because of systematic sequence, order, or transfer effects.

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Complete counterbalancing

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In a repeated measures design, the use of all possible orders of experimental conditions to avoid contamination of data because of systematic sequence.

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Partial counterbalancing

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In a repeated measures design, the sue of a subset of all possible orders of experimental conditions to avoid contamination of data because of systematic sequence, order, or transfer effects.

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Selection threat

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A threat to the internal validity of a study such that groups to be compared differ before being exposed to different experimental treatments, so any differences after treatment could be due to the initial differences rather than to the independent variable.

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Maturation threat

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A threat to the internal validity of a study due to short- to long-term changes in a participant because of psychological changes like boredom or fatigue, for example, or because of physical maturation.

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Attrition (Mortality) threat

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A threat to the internal validity of a study when participants drop out of a study, leading to a change in the nature of the sample.

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History threat

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A threat to the internal validity of a study that results when some event outside the research project affects participants systematically.

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Instrumentation threat

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A threat to the internal validity of a study that results from changes in the way the dependent variable is measured, due to factors the poor calibration of mechanical equipment or changes in the way researchers record subjective observations.

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Testing threat

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A threat to the internal validity of a study that results when participants' behavior changes as a function of having been tested previously.

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Statistical regression threat

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A threat to the internal validity of a study that results when participants are categorized or selected for research participation on the basis of an initial observation that involves significant measurement error that is not likely to repeat itself on later measurements, giving the false impression that change is due to a treatment when it is really due to the difference in measurement error.

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One-group pretest-posttest design

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A quasi-experimental research design in which a single group is measured before a treatment is applied, then again afterward.

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Static-group comparison design

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A quasi-experimental research design in which two groups that differ on some pre-existing dimension (i.e., participants are not randomly assigned to conditions) are compared.

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Nonequivalent control group design

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A quasi-experimental research design in which two groups that differ on some pre-existing dimension (i.e., participants are not randomly assigned to conditions) are measured on a pretest, exposed to a treatment, and measured on a posttest.

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Baseline

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A series of measurements recorded before a treatment is applied applied to see the normal course of behavior prior to an intervention.

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Interrupted time series design

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A quasi-experimental research design in which a group is measured at different times, with a treatment applied at some point, resulting in baseline measurements and post-treatment measurements.

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Replicated interrupted time series design

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A quasi-experimental research design in which different groups are measured in an interrupted time series design, with a treatment being applied at a different time for each group.

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Survey

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A research method in which an investigator asks questions of a respondent.

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Census

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Data collection that includes every member of a population of interest.

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Population

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A set consisting of every person or data point that would be of interest to a researcher.

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Sampling frame

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A subset of a population from which a sample is actually selected.

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Open-ended question

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In survey research, a question that respondents answer using their own words, unconstrained by choice provided by the researcher.

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Closed-ended question

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In survey research, a question that contains a set of answers from which a respondent chooses.

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Telescoping

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A phenomenon of memory in which events that occurred in the distant past are remembered as having occurred more recently than they actually did.

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Chronically accessible information

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Memories that are available for retrieval at any time.

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Temporarily accessible information

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Memories that are available for retrieval only when cued by exposure to information that cues those memories.

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Response bias

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A tendency for a respondent to answer in predictable ways, independent of the question content, such as always agreeing with a statement or always providing high or low ratings on a Likert scale.

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Social desirability bias

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The tendency of respondents to answer questions in ways that generate a positive impression of themselves.

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Impression management

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A form of social desirability bias in which respondents actively deceive a researcher in order to generate a positive impression of themselves in the researcher's eyes.

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Self-deception positivity

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A form of social desirability bias in which respondents provide generally honest, but overly optimistic, information about themselves that generates a positive impression of them.

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Acquiescence

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In survey research, the tendency to agree with the assertion of a question, regardless of its content.

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Satisficing

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The tendency of respondents to be satisfied with the first acceptable response to a question or on a task, even if it is not the best response.

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Optimizing

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The tendency of respondents to search for the best response to a question.

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Nondifferentiation

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The tendency of respondents to give the same answer to questions, regardless of content.

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Self-selected samples

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In survey research, a nonrandom, biased sampling technique in which people choose to participate in the research rather than being selected by the investigator.

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Hidden population

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Population of interest that is hard to study because the people in that group are engaged in activities that may be embarrassing or illegal (i.e., drug users), so they do not want to be recognized as members of that population.

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Chain-referral methods

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A set of sampling techniques that relies on people who know about a population or are members of a that population to gain access to information about the group.

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Snowball sampling

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A chain-referral sampling technique in which one person from a population of interest identifies another person from that population to a researcher who contacts that second person, then that new individual refers yet another person, for as many stages as desired by the researcher.

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Key informant sampling

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A sampling technique that relies on getting information from people who know about a population of interest rather than from members of that population themselves.

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Targeted sampling

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A sampling technique that relies on finding locations that attract members of the population of interest and getting information from these people at such locations.

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Respondent-driven sampling

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A sampling technique in which a researcher uses a member of the population of interest to actively recruit others, often with some incentive like money for engaging in this recruiting.