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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is an experiment? (5)
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Research technique where the IV is manipulated.
The effects of the DV are observed and measured. Extraneous variables are held constant. True experiments are ones where the IV is directly controlled by the experimenter e.g. Lab/Field Other experiments e.g. Quasi/Natural are arguably not because the IV varies on its own |
True/False experiments
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Whats the difference between correlations and experiments? (4)
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Experiments talk about cause and effect.
Correlation describes patterns of linear relationship between pairs of data and therefore can’t make statements about cause and effect Experiments are also a research method Correlations are a technique of data analysis applied to data gathered by some other means |
2 reasons
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What is an independent variable? (4)
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Influencing factor
Manipulated by the experimenter To observe the effects of the DV Example – alcohol/driving |
IV-DV explanation plus example
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What is a dependent variable? (3)
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Factor which is influenced by the changes of the IV
Observed and measured by the experimenter Example – alcohol/driving |
Factor which is influenced by...
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What is a confounding variable? (3)
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An influence in an experiment which effects the DV but isn’t the IV
Example – IQ tests on older and younger people However, older people may be less bothered about doing it quick so scores are lower |
Example
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What is an extraneous variable? (4)
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All other variables except the IV and DV that need to be controlled in an experiment
Examples – time of day, testing environment If not taken care of they could obscure effect of IV Or if systematic, turn into a confounding variable |
All other variables except the...
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What is a control group? (3)
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In a simple two group experiment, it would be one group that experiences exactly the same conditions as in the experimental condition except the IV.
Therefore giving baseline data Against which scores can be compared |
In a simple two group experiment...
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Distinguish between independent groups, matched pairs and repeated measures designs. (7)
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Experimental designs
Used to control variation due to individual differences between participants When comparing two conditions, independent groups design has two different groups of participants Allocated by chance to the conditions Matched pairs involves pairing participants on variables relevant to study Then splitting them and randomly allocating the members of the pair to the conditions Repeated measures both participants do both conditions of experiment |
2 - General
2 - Independent 2 - Matched pairs 1 - Repeated |
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What are practise effects? (4)
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Occur in repeated measures designs
Participants carry over an improvement in the second condition Because they have done the first condition Potential confounding variable |
Occur in...
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What are order effects? (3)
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Repeated measures designs
Participants performance is affected in the second condition because they had done the first Could be improvement i.e. practise effects, but also fatigue and boredom. |
Participants performance is...
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What is counterbalancing? (4)
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Routinely built into repeated measures design
Precaution against practise and order effects Half participants do a then b, half do b then a. ABBA design |
Routinely built into...
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What is randomisation? (3)
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Random allocation of participants to conditions in order to control variation due to participants
Randomising the order in which participants take part in conditions Randomising the order of stimulus materials for each participant e.g. word list |
Random allocation of...
Random orders of... |
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Write out a hypothesis for a study comparing imagery and repetition aids to memory. (1)
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The mean for imagery scores is higher than the mean for repetition scores .
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Mean
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Write a null hypothesis for a stdy copmaring imageryand repetition aids to memory (1)
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The difference between the mean for imagery scores and repetition is zero
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Zero
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What is a directional hypothesis and when would it be used? (5)
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Predicts the direction which results will fall
Example – mean for sample a is higher than sample b Correlation between c and d is positive Only used when good reason to predict direction of results Previous research or careful reasoning suggests it |
Include correlations
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What is a non-directional hypothesis and when would it be used? (4)
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Doesn’t predict a direction which results will fall
Example – population for sample a and sample b differ Correlation between c and d Used when no prior reason to suppose results will turn out a particular way |
Include correlations
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When would a one-tailed hypothesis be applied? (1)
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Directional hypothesis
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Directional or non-directional?
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When would a two-tailed hypothesis be applied (1)
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Non-directional hypothesis
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Directional or non-directional?
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What is meant by ‘operationalising’ variables? Suggest two ways in which aggression could be operationalised.
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Precisely defining a variable
So it can be measured Example – aggression by number of incidences of verbal abuse per hour Or number of incidences of physical abuse per hour |
Precisely...
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What are demand characteristics? (3)
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Aspects of the research situation
Could alert participants to hypothesis being tested Participants may alter behaviour in accordance to the perceived demands of the situation |
Aspects of...
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