Research Methods Test 1

Front 1

"Pre-experimental” designs: no control group

Back 1

Post test only design, pre-post test design

Front 2

True or quasi experimental designs with a control group

Back 2

multiple group comparison, "after only" control group design, prepost group comparisons

Front 3

Advantages of post and prepost designs

Back 3

Study naturally occuring intervention,

Front 4

Disadvantage of post and prepost designs

Back 4

No control group, many threats to internal validity like Maturation, history, mortality, regression to baseline, and reactive measurement

Front 5

maturation

Back 5

Participants may be older/wiser by the post test

Front 6

history

Back 6

cultural or historical events may occur between pre- and post test that change the participants

Front 7

mortality

Back 7

participants may non-randomly drop out of the study

Front 8

regression to baseline

Back 8

participants who are more extreme at baseline look less extreme over time as statistical confound

Front 9

Reactive Measurement

Back 9

participants may change their scores due to being measured twice, not the experimental manipulation

Front 10

theory

Back 10

is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking. Has a hypothetical construct and hypothesis.

Front 11

hypothetical construct

Back 11

abstract statements of psychological processes that cannot be directly observed, we only see their effects.

Front 12

hypothesis

Back 12

a concrete statement about how processes relate to each other. *A hypothesis is a prediction that links variables derived from a theory, implicitly specifies and idea of cause and effect, control group and experimental group. *It needs to be potentially falsifiable, specific enough that it can be tested

Front 13

operational definition

Back 13

a definition that presents a construct in terms of observable operations that can be measured and utilized in research

Front 14

internal validity

Back 14

The ability to make valid inferences concerning the relationship between a dependent and independent variable in an experimental situation

Front 15

external validity

Back 15

observe/test phenomenon under natural conditions. Generalizability of an experimental outcome to other groups, settings, treatment variables and measurement variables

Front 16

Independent variable

Back 16

The variable that is defined by the experimentor and thus outside the experimental situation.

Front 17

Dependent variable

Back 17

In an experiment, the variable that is said to depend on the action of another variable, the independent variable

Front 18

Qualitative observation or measurement

Back 18

explore the actual process of a behavior, external validity

Front 19

Quantitative observation or measurement

Back 19

describe a behavioral social trend, external validity

Front 20

correlational studies

Back 20

relate measured variable to each other to test hypotheses

Front 21

quasi experiments

Back 21

test hypotheses in naturally occuring events or field studies, internal validity

Front 22

true experiments

Back 22

test specific hypotheses via controlled lab conditions, internal validity

Front 23

statement of testable hypothesis

Back 23

predictive, potentially refutable and specify variables in a functional relationship

Front 24

Role of values and social judgements in the research process

Back 24

empirical attitude. get over yourself, data is greater than emotions and science imposes discipline on your thinking

Front 25

creating variables

Back 25

direct treatment dose or manipulation, indirect use of context, using a measured variable

Front 26

What is science: content?

Back 26

Cumulative empirical findings: facts, ways of classifying nature, well supported theories or processes

Front 27

What is science: Methods?

Back 27

Core empirical approach, basic experimental design, methods of differences and methods of similarities, specific research procedures

Front 28

a scientific rational, empirical perspective

Back 28

combines rational thought with empirical evidence, is not just a research method but is a larger approach to knowledge

Front 29

Four basic sources of knowledge/information

Back 29

Authority, Intuition/emotion/superstition, empiricism/simple exposure, and Rationalism

Front 30

Authority

Back 30

simple tradition, important social institutions, credible and powerful people. Based on experience, well established by many, stable set of core beliefs, moves field beyond the data BUT insensitive to proof or evidence, highly susceptible to political bias, ignores scientific procedures

Front 31

Intuition/emotion/superstition

Back 31

Emotionalism or a Hunch. Personal insights,origin of novel hypothesis, moves field beyond the data. BUT insensitive to to proof or evidence, wishful thinking and emotions and fear can trump rational evidence.

Front 32

empiricism/simple exposure

Back 32

More central to science. Grounds knowledge in the "real world", confirm intuition by observation and makes knowledge public. BUT simple illusions and misperceptionsl and measurement error, confirmatory bias, oversensitive to emotional perceptual salience, spurious correlations, antiscience use of naive empiricism

Front 33

Rationalism

Back 33

Develop larger coherent principles or theories, makre our conclusions correspond to other knowledge. BUT do our thoughts correspond to the real empirical world? Susceptible to ideological bias or authority based belief systems

Front 34

Science is the integration of

Back 34

Rationalism and Empiricism

Front 35

Rationalism: Theory/Hypothesis

Back 35

Develop theories and explanations of how or why behavior works. Its core purpose of research.

Front 36

Empiricism: objective observation, control, operational definitions, replication.

Back 36

Empirical data help us describe the world, test hypothesis and develop theory.

Front 37

What does science do

Back 37

Describe the world, Predict events, test theories and test application of theories. Taxonomies or behavioral categories, epidemiology, Direct behavioral description

Front 38

Describe the World

Back 38

Initial approach to scientific study, what is it. Leads to hypothesis. Simple prediction, method of similarity(correlations) and method of differences (experiments)

Front 39

Predict events

Back 39

Core features of a hypthesis, if x then Y, often still descriptive rather than experimental.

Front 40

test theories

Back 40

causes and effect questions involving hypothetical constructs. Often controlled experiments or complex correlation designs. Direct cause and effect questions, identifying basic psychological processes and showing how processes are related.

Front 41

Test application of theories

Back 41

Using theory model change, testing inventions or policy. Using theory to design an intervention. Using an intervention study to actually test a theory.