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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Test Problems
Being able to pick out the independent, dependent variables, possible values and direction of relationship. Measurement validity, measurement reliability, causality, control variable, model types, hypothesis, randomization, spurious.
Eight Factors Jeopardizing Internal Validity
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Regression Artifacts
Selection Biases
Experimental Mortality
Selection-Maturation Interaction
Five Threats to External Validity
Interaction Effects of Testing
Interaction of Selection and Experimental Treatment
Reactive Effects of Experimental Arrangements
Multiple-Treatment Interference
Irrelevant Replicablility of Treatments
Five Elements of Causality
1) Theoretical Basis and Plausibility
2) Time order (Cause>Effect)
3) Correlation
4) Must understand why?????
5) Ability to rule out rival causes
Correlation
Patterned relationship (both variable go up, one goes up one goes down, non-linear, etc.)
Correlation Coefficient Properties
1) Extent to which two variable are related
2) Ranges between 1 and -1
3) Positive or negative correlation
4)
History Threat
The history of subjects or other events that may affect the results
Maturation Threat
Passage of time and varying growth
Testing Effect
Getting better at taking test
Selection Biases
Duh (not random)
Regression Effect Threat
Will move back to the mean
Instrumentation Threat
Changes in observer or testing material can influence results
Experimental Mortality
People drop out, die, move away, get removed
What types of evidence are necessary to support a claim that one variable is the cause of change in another?
1) Time order
2) Correlation
3) Theoretical Framework & Plausibility
4)
5) Rule out all rival explanations
Which of the threats to internal validity is likely to be the most common?
History
Selection
Maturation
Which of the threats of internal validity will cause the most trouble or harm?
History
Design Contamination
Contrast History to Maturation
History is outside factors, maturation occurs to the subjects
Good research design...
should eliminate threats to internal validity.
Ubiquitous
Manipulation, logic,
Percentage of Normal Distribution scores in each interval
Bell curve shaped
Random selection vs. random assignment
Selection is external, assignment is internal
Important in a quasi-experimental...
is the comparison group similar (equivalency)
One Shot Design
X O
One Group Pretest/Post-test Design
O X O
Static Group Design
X O
_ _ _ _

O
Time Series Design
O O O O X O O O O
Non-Equivalent Control Group Design
O X O
_ _ _ _ _
O O
Multiple Time-Series Design
O O O O X O O O O
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
O O O O O O O O
Pre-Test/Post-Test Control Group Design
O X O
______

O X O
Experimental Designs
Pretest/Posttest Control Group
Solomon Four Group
Post Test Only Control Group
Solomon Four Group Design
O X O
______
O O
______
X O
______
O
Quasi-Experimental
Analysis of results that approximates the control in an experiment because not all factors can be controlled.
Pre-Test or Non-Test Design
X O
Post Test Only Control Group
X 0
--------
0
Ethical Considerations (Bellmont Report)
1) Ethical Consent
2) Balancing cost and benefits
3) Selection
Anonymous vs. Confidential
Anonymous means nobody knows (including the researcher) who the participants are; Confidential means that the researchers know who the participants are but promise not to disclose this info.
Sampling Options
Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Proposive Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Choosing subjects from the population at regular intervals (every 10th customer who walks through the door, every hundredth name in the phone book, etc.)
Stratified Sampling
Making sure your population has representatives from every subpopulation.
Cluster Sampling
When the population is divided into geographic clusters (blocks, neighborhoods, etc.), and respondents are selected at random within each cluster
Convenience Sampling
The researcher makes a limited attempt to insure that this sample is an accurate representation of the population
Proposive Sampling
?
Snowball Sampling
For a particular type of group asking for recommendation of subject, and then asking those subjects for recommendations, and so on.
Problems with too large a sample
Waste of resources
Participant Risk
Random Sampling
Every individual in the population of interest has an equal opportunity of being selected for the sample
Solomon Four Group
controls for the effect of the pretest.